Registered Systematic Reviews

Post natal care utilization: measured by appropriate tools.

Primary outcome: Kidney disease progression which estimated from change of glomerular filtration rate or change of serum creatinine. Secondary outcome: CKD knowledge, Self-management score, Progression of CKD stage.

Learning motivation score, Nursing competence score & Student satisfaction

Use of family planning

To optimize the development of the labor, delivery and postpartum in hospital attention. Measurements: a) studies in which the general effect of prenatal education programs on primiparous women in labor is measured, b) studies in which the impact of prenatal education programs on the development of the labor, delivery and postpartum of primiparous women is measured.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measure: the incidence of fall(s)

maximum amount of tibial malalignment in any plane measured in degrees on postoperative x-ray or CT-scan, incidence of anterior knee pain reported by patient, functional outcome assessed with validated patient reported outcome measures, intra operative fluoroscopy time (minutes), operative time (minutes), complication rate (e.g. infection, reoperation rate etc).

accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and likelihood ratio of diagnostic biomarkers

Outcome & COntext: Age, sex, moral development, moral emotion, and moral judgment.

The primary outcome of this study is age-related alterations in the exosomal content and functions that can influence the reproductive performance in human and animals as conveyors of senescence signals outside the cells. The secondary outcome is exosomes capability in carrying developmental signaling molecules like proteins, coding and non-coding RNA cargos, influencing gene expressions and affecting growth and regulation of embryo during pregnancy. Identification of extracellular vesicles in genital fluids express their role as a marker for pregnancy and fecundity-related pathologies. These raised the possibility that endogenous exosomes may play a significant role in modulating fertility, growth and maturity of germ cells and early embryonic development.

endometriosis

Periodontitis risk and progression. The definition used to define the risk or the progression of periodontitis will be accepted as stated by the authors. Clinical information (clinical attachment level, alveolar bone loss, pocket probing depth) will be preferred. Self-reported information will also be considered.

Preeclampsia (Preeclampsia (PE), as a pregnancy-specific syndrome, characterized by hypertension, significant proteinuria, and an excessive maternal systemic inflammatory response which is occurred after 20 weeks.)

Health Care seeking behavior

Patient-identified structural, financial, social and personal barriers and facilitators to hepatitis C diagnosis and treatment

Homes, communities and schools throughout the world.

Outcome & COntext: Primary, secondary and tertiary health care, this would include hospitals, clinics, general practitioners and patient care home/ nursing home and social care both in private and public sectors in the Caribbean region.

Outcome & COntext: Compliance with contact precautions, perceptions of using contact precautions, experience with using contact precautions, identified barriers, decision-making processes

No Comparator

Dental caries prevalence, severity and/or incidence measured by widely used clinical measures such as DMFT, mean DMFT, mean number of decayed/missing/filled teeth or surfaces and DMFT increment over a time period.

Outcome & COntext: Quantitative level correction of Laboratory parameters including FBS, 2hpp, HbA1c, insulin secretion, c-peptide, insulin independence period and qualitative improvement of nephropathy, retinopathy, diabetic foot ulcer and all related complications.

(1) Forced Expiratory Volume – 1 second, (2) Asthma Control Test (ACT) score, (3) Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) score

Primary Outcomes: Pregnancy rate, Implantation rate, Miscarriage rate Secondary Outcomes: DNA fragmentation, Aneuploidy

Sperm DNA fragmentation

This review will consider studies that include the cost of intervention, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility. The main outcome measures are cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY), which is an indicator for chronic disorders and the disability in which to quantify the burden of disease. Cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) which determines both of quantity and quality of additional life years will also be utilized. Other methods used to formally combine cost and outcome data e.g., an average cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) or incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) are also included.

primary outcome: fat survival rate, gain volume, secondary outcome: patient and physician satisfaction, adverse effects, cost-effectiveness

This is a methodological review. The outcome is aggressive periodontitis.

Complete or partial remission, The function of CD8+ T cells

The outcome of interest is depressive symptom trajectories in patients with ACS. The outcome is measurable and is usually assessed using different instruments such as the Beck Depression Inventory, or the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. In order to identify the number and patterns of these trajectories, depressive symptoms should be measured on at least three different times and modeled using a group based trajectory approach.

Outcome: Preferred technology for water quality monitoring, diarrheagenic E. coli detection, health benefit for women and children.

Depression

Outcome & COntext: This review will identify preventative measures to augment current discharge criteria to mitigate the development of postoperative complications

Pre-eclampsia: systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg and proteinuria > 0.3 gr/ 24 hours or a dipstick result > 1+ equivalent to 0.3 mg/dl in a single urine test of new onset after 20 weeks of gestation.

We are not limiting beforehand the outcomes but they need to be something which are measuring children’s anxiety level (e.g. ADIS) or quality of life level (e.g. EQ-5D).

Quantitative levels of laboratory parameters consist of: Albumin, Total Bilirubin, Uric Acid, SGOT, SGPT and ALP.

diarrheal disease

Adherence to Medicinal Prescription and Drug Utilization

Preterm delivery

Primary outcomes: The prevalence of wheezing and physician-diagnosed asthma, and lung function (Pulmonary Function Test): Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), Forced expiratory flow (FEF75), Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).

Stunting prevention

The primary outcomes of this study are anxiety and depression, and will be measured by specific objective anxiety tools (e.g. Speilberger’s State-Train Anxiety Inventory [STAI], Visual Analogue Scales [VAS]) or depression tools (e.g., Beck’s Depression Inventory [BDI],) or combined depression and anxiety tools (e.g., Hospital anxiety and depression scale [HADS], depression and anxiety scale [DASS]). Secondary outcomes will be pain (measured by a validated score and physiological parameters (Heart Rate Respiratory Rate Blood pressure oxygen saturation as measured objectively by mechanical devices e.g. (monitoring equipment and sphygmomanometers).

Primary outcomes: incidence of pre term birth, incidence of low birth weight, incidence of pre eclampsia. Secondary outcomes: birth weight and incidence of intra uterine growth retardation, incidence of still birth.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: The presence of PONV, the severity of PONV, and the need for rescue anti-emetics. Symptom severity outcome measures may include descriptive reports, standardized nausea vomiting scoring tools, and documented administration of any anti-emetics, used to treat the presence of PONV.

Outcomes of interest are the frameworks, models or tools proposed by researchers to guide the process of incident management.

Primary outcomes are length of employment and staff turnover. Secondary outcomes are: intention to return, staff satisfaction.

Alcohol consumption rates, alcohol misuse, population rates of alcohol-related harm

Clearance Leukemia, donor NK Cell expansion

Primary outcome: Objective response rate( complete, partial) response Secondary outcome: cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurologic events(NE)

Outcome: primary = perineal discomfort Outcome secondary = relationship of maternal/newborn well-being, urine retention, constipation

The final outcome is having term baby with required weight and health.

early discharge from the ED within 6 hours, and MACE within 30 days after discharge from the ED.

This review will consider studies of primary outcomes that measure the time to the first bowel movement and the time to first flatus. Secondary outcomes will measure length of hospital stay, the time to tolerance of solids, the time to producing stool, and postoperative morbidity.

1. Symptom of disease defined as clinical symptom of each mental illness which tends to be measured uniquely across different studies as followed; 1.1. Symptoms of anxiety, these measured by Beck Anxiety Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), or the Trait subscale of the Spiel Berger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). 1.2. Symptoms of depress, these measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores as well as Center for Epidemiogic Studies-Depression (CES-D). 1.3 Symptoms of psychosis, specifically positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking) and negative symptoms (avolition, poor self-care, blunted affect), measured by validated standardized instruments. These included Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale – BPRS, which is scale for the measurement of positive symptoms, general psychopathology and affective symptoms; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale – PANSS, which is the scale assessing general psychopathology, positive and negative symptoms; Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms – SANS; Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms – SAPS; and Symptom Checklist 90 - SCL-90 is a self-report clinical rating scale of psychiatric symptomatology. 1.4 Symptom of sleep disorder, these measures sleep quality included sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and total wake time. 2). Relapse rate defined as re-emergence of symptoms associated with significant disturbance in functioning and social behavior (clinical judgment), which considered time period of symptom exacerbation measured by average outcome of time duration of rehospitalization for psychotic symptom treatment. 3). Hospitalization defined as hospital admission of treatment measured by the duration of admission at inpatient department of hospital. 4) Quality of life defined as subjective evaluations of both positive and negative aspects of life covered physical functioning, occupational role, interpersonal relationships and psychological functioning, measured by validated standardized including General Quality of Life Inventory -74 - GQOLI-74 which measured physical functioning, psychological functioning, social functioning, and standard of living; Well-Being scale- WBS, measure positive aspects of psychological functioning. 5).Social functioning defined as the ability of people with schizophrenia to function in the community, measured by social functioning scale. The instruments comprise of Social Functioning Scale – SFS which measured several behavior areas, i.e., employment, social withdrawal, pro-social activities, recreation, interpersonal functioning, perceived independence, competence and perceived independence performance; Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS assess different aspects of social functioning and Health of the Nation Outcome Scale – HoNOS and Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS used to rate various aspects of mental and social health. 6). Satisfaction of treatment defined as satisfaction with treatment- care recipient average satisfaction score, which measured by satisfaction instrument.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: Primary outcome is cognitive function which evaluate by neuropsychological test, such as Stroop color and word test, Wisconsin card sorting test, and Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS), Secondary outcome are mental state which evaluate by positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), and social functioning evaluate by The life skill profile (LSP).

Behavior change

This review will consider studies that included the following proxy indicators of primary outcome like (1)change in the level of clinical /biometric measurements ( blood pressure, HBA1C, Serum lipids, insulin, , plasma glucose, cholesterol, BMI, waist circumference (2)healthy behaviors (initiating physical activity, diabetes knowledge, healthy eating, tobacco use cessation, reduce alcohol drink Prevention of type 2 diabetes (primary study outcome) will be measured based on changes in the above mentioned proxy variables

Primary: Pain control that should be measured by unidimensional, multidimensional or behavioural validated pain assessment scales. Secondary: Patient extubation time. Patient extubation is recommended even in the first postoperative hours, preferably before the 6th hour after arrival at the ICU (GOLWASSER et al, 2007). Measured by hours or days, or as defined by the authors of the studies, the authors of the studies will define the extubation criteria.

The null hypothesis is that the literature will demonstrate at least one successful intervention for reducing burnout among nurses.

Primary outcome: Incidence of type 2 diabetes, Secondary outcomes: quality of life during and after participating the intervention, and long-term effect after completion of the intervention.

Therapeutic efficacy regarding absorption and adverse events. Primary: Absorption. If there was absorption of medications or fluid by subcutaneous route. Secondary: Adverse events. Adverse events related to subcutaneous infusion of medications or fluids. Indicated by local pain, fluid overload, local edema, cellulitis, infection, infiltration/extravasation, hyperemia, obstruction, erythema, ecchymosis, reaction at the puncture site, inflammatory signs, abscess, hematoma, pruritus, rash, tissue necrosis and burning sensation.

Early Health seeking behavior Delay in treatment seeking

The review will include, but not be limited to, studies with the following outcome measures: perceived or biological measures of occupational stress, such as: burnout, compassion fatigue, or other psychological measurements (e.g. anxiety, depression). For studies to be included in the review the occupational must be measured by a validated tool including but not limited to: the Perceived Stress Scale, the Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale, the Survey of Recent Life Experiences, Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

malaria incidence

Knowledge and self-efficacy (using questionnaires, surveys, tests, or other measures as reported by studies); Attendance at antenatal clinic visits and/or postnatal clinic visits (number of visits), early mortality (1, 7 or 28 days), and neonatal morbidity outcomes (e.g., infection, need for readmission, etc.).

This umbrella review will consider systematic reviews that include the following outcomes measures: 1) Primary outcome - impact of disease; measured individually in at least one of the following domains pain, functional disability, fatigue, emotional well-being, sleep, coping and physical well-being by validated instruments (VAS, HAQ, FACIT, RAID, for example). 2) Secondary outcome - global impact of disease, measured collectively by the Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease (RAID), and/or global quality of life; measured by validated instruments (SF36, EQ5D, for example).

1. Well self-management of chronic illness such as Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) and Lipid disorders (e.g. high blood cholesterol). 2. Evaluate the effectiveness of community-based health promotion interventions on community dwelling adults based on patient satisfaction, quality of life and self-efficacy.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: nursing interventions to reduce edema in heart failure patients, nursing interventions related to edema in acute heart failure patients, nursing care related to pulmonary edema in heart failure patients

This review will consider studies that include the outcome measures: Nursing interventions to control the cardiotoxicity of cancer patients Nursing interventions to reduce the cardiotoxicity of cancer patients Nursing care interventions to prevent the cardiotoxicity of cancer patients O: Cardiotoxicity

PRIMARY 1. Pain: This will be measured by the use of validated pain tools. 2. Analgesic use: This will be measured by type, frequency, duration and total cumulative dose of analgesics 3. Adverse events: • Incidence and severity of Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndrome (IWS). Measured by validated withdrawal tool and use of adjunctive pharmacological therapies to manage IWS • Respiratory depression requiring intubation if infant not already receiving assisted ventilation, or administration of naloxone (a medication used to block or reverse the effects of opioid medication). SECONDARY 1. Nurse or parent satisfaction

This review will consider studies that include parenting stress, maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal confidence as outcomes. Outcome measures will include but are not limited to: 1. Parenting stress, self-reported using forms such as the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) the Parenting Stress Index-short form (PSI-SF), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), or the Swedish Parenting Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ). 2. Maternal depressive symptoms, self-reported using forms such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS), the Postnatal Depression Screening Scale (PDSS), the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (Zung SDS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). 3. Maternal confidence, self-reported using forms such as the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire (MCQ), the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC), Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS), What Being the Parent of a New Baby is Like-Revised (WPL-R), the Parent Expectations Survey (PES), and the Postpartum Maternal Confidence Scale and the Postpartum Maternal Satisfaction Scale.

Safety of discharge patient from PACU to wards; shorten the post-operative patient stay at PACU.

Viral shedding examined by immunological and/or viral evaluations Secondary outcomes: • resolution of symptoms as reported by the patient • clinical cure as reported by the physician or investigator (fever, duration of diarrhea, diarrhea episodes) • Immunological responses including the titer of Ab and interleukins • adverse reactions or side effects

1). Symptoms of psychosis, specifically positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking) and negative symptoms (avolition, poor self-care, blunted affect), measured by standardized instruments. This outcome comprised of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale – BPRS, which is a scale for the measurement of positive symptoms, general psychopathology and affective symptoms and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale – PANSS, which is the scale for assessing general psychopathology, positive symptoms (PANSS-P) and negative symptoms (PANSS-N) or Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms – SANS, which providing a global rating of the following negative symptoms: alogia; affective blunting; avolition-apathy; anhedonia-asociality and attention impairment. Symptom Checklist 90 - SCL-90, The SCL-90 is a self-report clinical rating scale of psychiatric symptomatology. It consists with somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, anger hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism, disturbances in appetite and sleep. The SCL-90 also utilizes three global distress indices: Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and Positive Symptom Total (PST). 2). Relapse rate defined as re-emergence of psychotic symptoms associated with significant disturbance in functioning and social behavior (clinical judgment) follow-up: 4 months, 12 month. 3). Hospitalization defined as hospital admission for treatment. These can be measured by the duration of admission at inpatient department of hospital. 4). Compliance with medication, the type of measurement such as Schedule for Assessment of Insight – SAI have three dimensions of insight: treatment adherence, recognition of illness and symptom re-labelling. And Compliance scale comprises of 1) complete or partial refusal (refused depot or accepts only minimum dose); 2) takes medication irregularly (interruption of medication < four weeks), reluctant, requires persuasion, disagrees with psychiatrist in charge about dose; 3) takes medication regularly (interruption of medication < one week), agrees with psychiatrist-in-charge about dose; 4) active participation, readily accepts and shows some responsibility for regimen. 5). Quality of life defined as subjective evaluations of both positive and negative aspects of life covered physical functioning, occupational role, interpersonal relationships and psychological functioning, measured by validated standardized instruments . The instrument of quality of life can be measured by General Quality of Life Inventory -74 - GQOLI-74 or Well-Being scale-WBS, which measured positive aspects of psychological functioning and General Quality of Life Inventory -74 - GQOLI-74 assessed physical functioning, psychological functioning, social functioning, and standard of living. 6). Social functioning defined as the ability of people with schizophrenia to function in the community, measured by social functioning scale. The instruments comprise of Social Functioning Scale – SFS or Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS. For the Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS assess different aspects of social functioning. And the Social functioning scale – SFS measures several behavior areas: employment, social withdrawal, pro-social activities, recreation, interpersonal functioning, perceived independence, competence and perceived independence performance. Health of the Nation Outcome Scale – HoNOS and Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS used to rate various aspects of mental and social health.

Primary: complete healing (re-epithelization of the skin), or reduction of the burned area (rate of change of wound area - length, width, and depth - considering absolute changes {area changes in cm2, based on first wound measurement} and relative changes {change in area percentage related to initial wound measurement}, as measured by centimeters or percentage of burned area, according to control of the institution). Secondary: decreased pain (assessed during the period of treatment using silicone dressing, measured by pain assessment scales, questionnaires and other reliable tools), reduction of hospitalization time (measured by days of hospitalization), adverse effects, such as sensitivity to some component of the product, (evaluated through clinical signs or laboratory tests) or increased lesion (measured by centimeters or percentage of the burned area, according to control of the institution).

The current review will consider studies that indicate: the detection of signs of clinical worsening of trauma victims in ward units using MEWS; result of the MEWS as support in the decision to transfer to intensive care units.

increased knowledge, skills and individual practice; improved organizational practice; improved health and wellbeing of consumers

Success rate of peripheral intravenous cannulation or number of attempts needed.

HIV treatment outcome

efficacy – effectiveness - cost-effectiveness

The effect of each medication on the cognitive function is analyzed as a primary outcome.

This systematic review aims to analyse and pool together literature in order to explore the affect food based activities have on well-being 1. To establish from literature how wellbeing can be enhanced by food occupations for example, food preparation, cooking and shopping 2. To explore how the varying aspects of wellbeing, such as frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction can affect a person’s wellbeing 3. To examine different circumstances such as economic background, age, health and culture can alter the affect food occupations have on people’s wellbeing

Double burden of malnutrition measured as undernutrtion and over weight - ,

Hazard rate/hazard ratio of breast cancer survivors women with ER+

Non Applicable (scoping review).

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: Below caseness reported via either Psychometrics (e.g. IES-R) or a Structured clinical assessment (e.g. CAPs).

No comparator

A reduction in depressive symptoms for the person/patient

Concept: Exploration of guiding principles and core components of service delivery by community health centres, and the frameworks and instruments that evaluate these aspects of service delivery.

TH1 increased, TH2 decreased, TH1/TH2 increased

Health consequences of polypharmacy

Outcome & COntext: Primary outcomes: weight, Body Mass Index, weight gain velocity, weight for length, weight for age. Secondary outcomes: Improvement of parental perception of child’s weight status; improved parental child weighing behaviours; improved child feeding practices and behaviours. Context qualitative data obtained from free living participants or practitioners involved in a behaviour changing intervention initiated for children <2years.

The primary outcome was the lowest oxygen saturation (SpO2) throughout the intubation procedure. Secondary outcomes were intubation-related complications

Outcome: Complications following childbirth are more common and aggravated in developing countries. In poor settings particularly in Africa where traditional and patriarchal societies able to restrict on a woman’s freedom of movement and contact with unrelated men, the influence of social environment towards utilization of MCH cares, particularly postnatal cares may be an important factor in determining whether such care is received.

NAS outcomes may include the severity of symptoms (e.g., peak score), duration of NAS symptoms in days, need for pharmacologic treatment, length of pharmacologic treatment in days, and length of stay in complex care in days.

The outcome is the length of stay of inpatients with two or more comorbid diagnoses in an acute care hospital environment treated by interprofessional healthcare teams.

number of women who deliver in health facilities after experiencing sexual and gender based violence (primary outcome). maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality (secondary outcome)

Outcomes of interest are: (1) features of cost effective in-hospital interventions for people identified as having diabetes mellitus that leads to improvements in care, i.e. both clinical outcomes and patient reported outcomes, reductions in hospital re-admission, and shorter duration of admission; (2) in-hospital interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes, that directly target social determinants of health outcomes by different mechanisms; (3) association between in-hospital intervention types and their outcomes.

Incidence per 100,000 population and any survival outcomes (e.g. survival to hospital or to hospital discharge; survival to 30 days; neurologically intact survival; survival to 30 days, 6 months or 12 months).

TB detection rate

Validity and reliability

Reduction of noise level or reduction of noise impact in the pediatric critical care settings

Any reported outcomes on S/R in the workplace at group or organizational level or in management.

Outcome & COntext: Primary outcome 1) To determine how and why quantitative location monitoring has been used with an older population. 2) To determine which devices have been used to monitor location, and their effectiveness. Secondary outcome 1) To review the importance of combining qualitative measures with GPS location monitoring. 2) To direct future research with the aim of using these findings to develop interventions to increase physical activity and improve health of the older population.

Primary outcomes The number of people with PD experiencing symptoms of lower urinary tract who treated with measurable criteria (scores of valid questionnaires / evaluation Urodynamic) Secondary outcomes A. Participant’s Observations General expression of PD patients with improving LUTS symptoms Satisfaction with treatment methods B. Quantification of symptoms - Flow rates - Post-void residual volume, incomplete bladder emptying, and retention - Changes in voided volumes and number of urination (urinary diaries) - Changes in self-reported valid questionnaire scores C. Clinician’s observations - Objective measurements of voiding dysfunction (valid questionnaire scores or urodynamics) D. Quality of life General health status measures - Short Form 36 (Ware 2000) or other valid questionnaires including: OAB questionnaire Short Form (OAB-Q SF), Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3), OAB HRQL questionnaire, EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaire, the Qualiveen questionnaire, QoL-BM, the FICQoL Condition-specific health measures (specific instruments designed to assess impact of voiding dysfunction on quality of life) E. Adverse effect

Development of individuals with congenital malformation or without congenital malformation (primary outcome). And the types of pesticides most used, toxicological classification and environmental classification (secondary outcome).

The outcome of interest is how well the measures of movement and mobility align with the codes in the International Classification of Function that are associated with movement and mobility

The identification and description of medication errors associated with the use of information technology in the ambulatory care setting.

Eligible studies report on outcomes measured at the level of the new nursing graduate (e.g., job satisfaction, career development, increase in confidence), mentor (e.g., job satisfaction, career development), new graduate/mentor relationship (e.g., strength, quality, and maintenance of the relationship), and organization (e.g., turnover and retention rates, financial impact).

cognitive outcomes evaluating by Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog), Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and clinical dementia rating evaluating by clinical Dementia Rating Scale–Sum of Boxes (CDR–SB)

No comparator (qualitative review)

Quality outcomes include patient, provider and health indicators on a system level.

As there is no consensus about outcome measurement for occupational therapy and mental health, the quantitative component of this umbrella review will consider systematic reviews that include any of the following outcomes as primary outcomes: participation, occupational participation, performance or engagement, functional ability or satisfaction with activities of everyday life. These outcomes will be measured by standardized assessment tools, or validated self-report measures, such as, but not limited to, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure or the Occupational Self Assessment. The secondary outcomes of interest are quality of life and health related quality of life. Participation and activities are part of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) definition of health related states and therefore these are anticipated to be a secondary outcome to changes in participation in activities of daily life. There will be no limiter on which outcome measure used.

The scoping review will list the outcomes and map the associated components including, intervention (type of KDT), definition (if used) of outcome, the tool or indicators used to measure the outcome, validity and reliability of tool used, the time to measurement of the outcome after the intervention commenced and the reporting of the outcome.

Outcome: Statistically significant increase or improvement using a valid measure of the knowledge, skills or practices of health professionals or of patient morbidity, mortality or satisfaction.

A review to demonstrate how occupational therapists can use the outdoors and physical activity within practice and collate results from the interventions to demonstrate impact of intervention.

Objective pelvic floor muscle strength OR subjective questionnaires

The primary outcome in this review is: Policies that have reduced microbial resistance. Secondary outcomes of this review include: Policies that have had the greatest impact in relation to: a) Changes in behaviors of health care providers in prescribing unnecessary antibiotics. b) Change in cultural practices related to reducing use of unnecessary antibiotics.

This review aims to review studies that evaluate the clinical and personal predictors for employment outcome for People with mental illnesses after they have attended psychiatric rehabilitation programme. This review will not narrow the scope for outcome to a limited range of instruments. Instead, it is the intention of the review to provide a comprehensive and explicit synthesis on findings from all available validated instruments.

Outcome of interest include: prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance, characteristics of resistance, and type of pathogens.

1.The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in the developing countries.2. risk factors associated with Urinary Incontinence in the developing countries

Prevention of altitude sickness

Primary outcome: relative effectiveness of CPP ACP with fluoride varnishes, or CPP ACP together with fluoride varnishes compared with fluoride varnishes alone, for preventing dental caries of children and adolescents. Secondary outcome. Progression of caries lesion into enamel or dentine, Time taken to apply CPP-ACP or fluoride varnish, Number of visits to the dentist for repair of CPP-ACP or fluoride varnish application, Adverse events and safety of sealants and fluoride varnishes.

This umbrella review will include existing systematic reviews related to the primary and secondary outcome measures. The primary outcome of interests are any measure of exercise capacity including VO2peak and the six-minute walk distance. The secondary outcomes of interest are health-related quality of life, lung function, upper and lower limb muscle strength, length of hospital stays, dyspnea, fatigue, and complications.

Primary outcome: quadriceps muscle size. If muscle size was measured by multiple techniques, the data from all of the measurement techniques would be extracted and will be analyzed separately. Secondary outcomes: pennation or fiber angle and fiber length of individual parts of quadriceps. If the muscle size or pennation angle were measured from multiple regions of the muscle (i.e. mid-thigh, distal thigh), measurements closest to the mid-thigh would be used for analysis.

This review will consider studies that measure the quality of life in individuals implanted with left ventricular assist devices as destination therapy. The data will primarily be derived from patient reported outcome measure instruments such as: the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) and the Quality of Life in Severe Heart Failure Questionnaire (QLQ-SHF) to name a few.

The primary outcome evaluated will be the quality of life of cancer patients with colorectal advanced. This condition will be evaluated through the reduction and less intensity of signs and symptoms; proximity of family and friends and reduction of hospitalization.

Diagnosis of interest- Confirmed malaria

Outcome & COntext: Safety and efficacy of rapid Quetiapine titration measured by validated clinical instruments.

Occurrence of polypharmacy

Risk of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (according to classification systems such as ICD-10, DSM-5TM, etc.).

Classification of mobile-based applications for health and traffic - Defining content and determining the type of intervention leading to the prevention of accidents in mobile applications - Determining the information and communication technology used in mobile applications - Determining the application cycle of information resources of the mobile application

Outcome: Sensitivity and specificity of tool or criteria in predicting the above sepsis outcomes.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: 1-Number and severity of influenza and influenza-like episodes and hospitalization from influenza for pregnant women and their infant less than six months. 2-Adverse effects for pregnant women, including but not limited to local reaction, fever, anaphylaxis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome and maternal death. 3- Effects on the fetus, including but not limited to spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, birth weight, fetal growth and congenital malformation. 4-Adverse effects of maternal immunization on the infant up to six months of age Economic outcome Cost - Effectiveness, cost-utility or cost-benefit of Seasonal Flu Vaccine in Pregnant Women. These outcomes will be measured by: Hazard Ratio- Odds Ratio- Risk Ratio.

Perceptions of nurses towards co-morbid substance use. Self-efficacy of nurses towards co-morbid substance use. Attitude of nurses towards co-morbid substance use.

(Sero prevalence pregnant Mothers)

in situations involving suspension of oral diet, indication of alternative route of feeding or release of oral feeding in end-of-life patients.

The outcome will be changes in documentation compliance as measured by percentage change in compliance pre and post intervention or percentage change in compliance between the control and the intervention groups, as documented in the results section of a quantitative research study.

Infertility

Understanding the impact of the risk factors on the outcome of infection is based on the detection of T.gondii infection in pregnant women using serological and/or molecular diagnostic tests.

endometriosis

Clinical improvement and safety

Measurable changes in informal family caregivers’ mental and physical health in the following areas:
- stress and coping
- sleep and rest
- nutrition
- health
- spiritual distress/ disturbance
- perceived needs
Studies for inclusion will contain measurements of these areas. e.g. measured by the Parental Stressor Scale: PICU symptoms checklist, Pediatric Inventory for Parents: PIP, Coping Health Inventory for Parents, and - assessed by Critical Care family Needs Inventory scale).

This review will consider studies that include any of the different types of dental trauma as per the International Association of Dental Traumatology

Prevention of hip dislocation or reduction in hip dysplasia or hip migration rate.

The outcome of interest in this review is the time reported in seconds for arterial oxygen saturation levels to fall to 95% and/or below after induction of anaesthesia. This may include objective measurements of oxygen saturation by means of pulse oximetry and/or corresponding arterial blood gas analysis.

Change in utilization of health service; Implementation of hygiene and environmental sanitation packages; Change in morbidity and mortality; and Change in knowledge of community members about health services and personal and family health in Ethiopia.

sperm aneuploidy Measured by fish method

Primary: Rates of Postoperative pulmonary complications; Length of postoperative hospital stay. Secondary: Measures of oxygenation; Postoperative mortality; Time to first sit out of bed; Time to first ambulation; Health-related quality of life; Measures of anxiety and depression; Measures of patient satisfaction; Adverse events; Costs.

Increase Risk of Pre-eclampsia

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption and postoperative pain relief. These outcomes will be measured by time to first request for postoperative pain medication and via numerical pain scale ratings as reported by patients until discharge from the PACU.

The primary outcome of this study is to identify the effect of computer-based rehabilitation on attention and memory in stroke patients. The secondary outcome is prediction of computer-based rehabilitation effectiveness on attention and memory in post-stroke stage.

Primary outcomes The number of people with PD experiencing symptoms of lower urinary tract who treated with measurable criteria (scores of valid questionnaires / evaluation Urodynamic) Secondary outcomes A. Participant’s Observations General expression of PD patients with improving LUTS symptoms Satisfaction with treatment methods B. Quantification of symptoms - Flow rates - Post-void residual volume, incomplete bladder emptying, and retention - Changes in voided volumes and number of urination (urinary diaries) - Changes in self-reported valid questionnaire scores C. Clinician’s observations - Objective measurements of voiding dysfunction (valid questionnaire scores or urodynamics) D. Quality of life General health status measures - Short Form 36 (Ware 2000) or other valid questionnaires including: OAB questionnaire Short Form (OAB-Q SF), Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3), OAB HRQL questionnaire, EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaire, the Qualiveen questionnaire, QoL-BM, the FICQoL Condition-specific health measures (specific instruments designed to assess impact of voiding dysfunction on quality of life) E. Adverse effect

Spermatogenesis, expression of genes, morphological of the testes, and sperm parameters

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: mobile applications that measured adherence to treatment of patients with Chronic Heart Failure.

Primary outcome; Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG, HbA1C) and Secondary outcome; Quality of life scale. Population Intervention Compare/Control Outcome Diabetes mellitus patients with Depressive symptoms Buddhist therapy Usual care Primary outcome: -Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) -HbA1C DM patients with Depressive symptoms and other Psychiatric or Medical conditions. Synonyms; meditation therapy or intervention ,mindfulness therapy or intervention, Contemplation therapy or intervention Secondary outcome: -Quality of life

Primary outcome Depression levels as measured with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Montgomery or Asberg Rating Scale. Secondary outcome The secondary outcome will be Psychological well-being of heart failure patients. In addition, studies that include the following outcome measures will be considered: heart failure patient’s level of self-care maintenance, and hospital admission rate.

reduced presentation and readmission rates of COPD patients to acute health care organisations

Back Pain reduction, Tool: Numeric rating scale

Primary outcome is quality of life (QOL) and secondary outcome is patients’ satisfaction.

Implantation rate, pregnancy rates, and miscarriage rate

-primary outcome: Implantation rate secondary outcome: modification of immunological responses

Prevalence and incidence of malaria in under-five and pregnant women

Studies that include the following outcome measures: expected outcome for pregnant women, nutritional related problems for children or neonates, newborn and infant and expected outcome for knowledge and understanding of midwives on healthy eating. This divided into primary and secondary outcomes: Primary outcomes: Knowledge and understanding acquired by midwives regarding diet and nutritional requirements measured by any validated or non-validated instruments, Learners’ affective outcomes (attitude and level of confidence) measured by any validated or non-validated instruments. Secondary outcomes: Pregnant women (BMI, Gestational weight gain and Anaemia), Newborn and children (birth weight, obesity...) and Organization (such as mortality rate).

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: parenting stress, maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal confidence. Outcome measures includes but is not restricted to: Parenting stress, i.e., self-report such as the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) Maternal depressive symptoms, i.e., self-report such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Maternal confidence , i.e., self-report such as the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire (MCQ)

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: the primary outcome is preventing progression to psychosis (incidences of sub threshold psychosis and first-episode psychosis), the secondary outcomes such as symptoms of psychosis (both positive and negative symptoms), psychosocial functioning, depression, anxiety and quality of life.

The primary outcome will be pain, measured by any recognised method such as the Oxford Pain Scale, Numeral Rating Scales and Behavioural Pain Scales.

This review will include studies that considered the effectiveness of simulation as the broad outcome measure. In order to specifically measure this, the following outcome measures were considered - critical thinking, skill performance, knowledge acquisition, decision-making and problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, clinical reasoning skills, self-confidence, communication skills, teamwork, improved clinical performance, leadership skills and student satisfaction

The primary outcomes for this update review will be the same as the original review, this will be outcomes that evaluate the impact of support strategies and programs on both the individual and the organization. More specifically this update review will consider studies that include the following primary outcomes: job satisfaction, confidence, competence, knowledge, professional nursing behaviors, stress and anxiety. Studies will be included if they objectively measure the above primary outcomes using scales that are specific to each outcome as reported across the studies. The original review included studies that measured the primary outcomes subjectively and reported the findings in the narrative summary, this update review will take the same approach. Secondary outcomes will be costs, retention and turnover. Studies will be included if these outcomes have been measured objectively

Change in NP knowledge, NP behaviour or patient outcomes.

Reducing opioid use: The use of prescription opioid medication has the potential for patients to misuse or abuse opioid medication. Teach-back consists of four stages; (explaining, assessing, clarifying, and understanding). Validated measurement scales that can measure the outcome of reducing opioid use. Health Literacy Universal Precautions Tool and the Teach-back Toolkit are ways to measure the outcome of interest being reducing opioid. These tools have been validated and are reliable instruments utilized by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

learning (acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes). Measured through pre and post test; headings; scales validated or not. Or described in a narrative way. ● Knowledge: (comprehension of the dimension of diagnosis, care, treatment in the patient, family and community, global, civic, commercial, financial, business, health and environmental awareness). ● Skills: (communication, problem solving, creativity, innovation, critical thinking, social responsibility, technological skills, collaboration and leadership). ● Attitudes: (lifelong learning, cultural, ethnic, social and ethical issues). ● Student satisfaction: with the quality of teaching; with the learning resources provided by the institution; with the support received; with the development of knowledge, skills and attitudes related to learning through intervention or comparator, interactivity, feedback, mixed method analysis, pedagogical and technological methods, perceived pleasure and self-motivation).

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: motivational interviewing, heart failure and patient compliance

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score as the primary outcome and other scales like METH craving Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and side effects of medication as secondary outcomes.

The phenomena of interest are the effects of educational interventions, which are inclusive of both family caregivers and individuals with HF, on outcomes for both. Relationship level outcomes are of specific interest. Relationship level outcomes are dyad congruence or incongruence, dyadic discrepancy, communication, shared decision-making, and reciprocity. Co-variates that may moderate the effects of educational interventions are also of interest. These co-variatate are configuration of the care partners’ age, gender, race, education, health literacy, marital status, socioeconomic status, co-morbidities, and knowledge. This review will consider studies that evaluate educational interventions for family caregivers and dyadic interventions. Dyadic interventions are defined as strategies tailored to the needs of both care partners. Dyadic interventions of interest target HF self-care, palliative care, and/or social support. Dyadic interventions may include strategies to improve HF knowledge, self-care, and skills related to goal setting, communication, and shared decision-making. Interventions may include information related to prognosis, future planning, palliative care, adherence to medication, maintaining a healthy diet, daily weighing, reducing salt intake, limiting alcohol, smoking cessation, taking care of one self, and recognizing and appropriately responding to symptoms. The analytic and narrative component of the review will consider studies that tested any type of educational, psychosocial, skill building or palliative care interventions that targeted the caregiver or both care partners. Education and psychosocial interventions have been shown to improve HF self-care, symptom management, quality of life, and reduce readmissions to hospitals. Self-care interventions includes information related to adherence to medication, maintaining a healthy diet, daily weighing, reducing salt intake, recognizing and reporting symptoms to a health professional, and palliative care planning. Palliative care interventions are defined as a holistic approach to future care planning based on the care values and preferences regardless of prognosis (1). Central to palliative care is communication and shared decision making. Palliative care (1) has been shown to improve symptom management and HF outcomes, as has social support from a family caregiver (2). Comparator/Context: Due to the broad and multiple interventions being considered for this review, it is not desirable to limit the search to a specific comparator. However we will compare those exposed to the intervention against those who had not been exposed to the intervention, and dyadic interventions to caregiver only interventions when possible. Context for the review will be the home and community where care partners reside in or outpatient clinics. The geographic locations can be urban or rural. Outcome(s): This review is focused on the effects of dyadic interventions to enhance the outcomes of, Primary Outcomes: HF self-care includes complex skills and behaviors, such as monitoring and managing symptoms. Self-care is measured with a variety of valid and reliable tools. For example, self-care can be measured with the Self-care in HF index (SCHFI), HF Self-care behavior Scale (HFScBS), or European HF self-care Behavior Scale (EHFScBS). Self-care knowledge is necessary but not sufficient for self-care, can be measured with the Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test (A-HFKT). HF symptom management targets neurohormonal and circulatory abnormalities, usually resulting in characteristic symptoms such as fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, especially on exertion, and pain. HF symptom management can be measured with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) or NYHA classification of HF. Social support is defined as the provision and exchange of informational, instrumental, or emotional resources in response to the perception of another’s need, or a person’s perceptions of social resources available or actually provided by informal caregivers. Social support is dependent on the presences of an informal caregiver and the quality of their relationship. The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed measures for four social support domains: companionship, emotional support, instrumental support, and informational support. Other social support measures are, Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Social Support Survey and the Social Support Questionnaire 6. The Shared Care Scale operationalized and measured social support as three relationship processes (i.e., communication, decision making, and reciprocity) used to exchange support. Mental health is commonly defined in terms depressive symptoms and anxiety. Depressive symptoms are a state in which the mood is suppressed, causing sadness, melancholy, asthenia, deteriorated understanding, decreased concentration, sense of guilt, and physical symptoms including loss of appetite, insomnia, and headache. Depressive symptoms can be measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), Beck Depression Inventory-2 (BDI-II), and the PROMIS depressive symptoms measures. Anxiety is defined as worry about past, current, and future events. Mood-anxiety can be measured with Spielberg State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Brief Symptom Inventory-Anxiety (BSI), and the PROMIS anxiety measures. Secondary Outcomes: Physical health is defined as functional status, symptoms, and physiologic integrity. Physical health can be measured the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) or NYHA classification of HF, or the physical health scales included in the quality of life measures listed below. Quality of life is defined as physical, social, emotional, economic, and spiritual well-being. Quality of life can be measured by Heart Failure specific questionnaires (i.e., KCCQ and Minnesota Living with HF). General population measures of quality of life will also be included like the PROMIS quality of life measures, and Short Form 36 (SF-36 or SF 12). Relationship quality is defined as positive attributes of interpersonal relationships like feeling closer, improvements in patience, learning good things about self, and learning good things about others. Relationship quality involves a balance between positive relationship aspects (i.e., feeling closer) and negative aspects (i.e., feeling angry, depressed, resentful, and strain). Relationship quality can be measured with the Dyadic Relationship Scale. Relationship quality is also measured by the level of discrepancy or incongruence between care partners’ perceptions of caregiving relationship factors. Burden is a factor associated with physical and mental health losses, but it is also associated with financial losses. Burden can be measured with the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale. This scale measures perceived stress and burden of performing physical and emotional activities of caregiving. Readmission to hospitals can be measured by instruments that count 30, 60, and 90 day hospital readmissions, unplanned medical visits, emergency room (ED) visits, length of stay, and the reasons for use.

The primary outcome will be lower limb balance/proprioception measured by any recognized method such as joint range of motion, absolute centre of mass (COM) distribution during single leg stance and dynamic movements, star excursion balance test reach distances (SEBT), modified SEBT reach distances, Y balance test scores, BERG balance scale, joint position reproduction, manual muscle testing and isokinetic muscle testing.

To determine the effectiveness of sugammadex versus neostigmine administration on securing full and rapid recovery of neuromuscular function, the primary outcome of interest is time of sugammadex versus neostigmine administration to restoration of neuromuscular function, defined as a TOF ratio of 0.9, or return of TOF to baseline. Secondary outcomes of interest include time of sugammadex versus neostigmine administration to removal of the endotracheal tube, and the need for emergent reintubation following sugammadex versus neostigmine administration in the post-anesthesia care phase.

Primary outcome – the primary outcome will focus on studies that measures the number of people living with mental illness; the number of existing mental health policies and laws; the extent of mental health care uptake, for instance, the number of visits to out-patients or inpatients units at psychiatric hospitals or community psychiatric mental health facilities; the quality of mental health care, for instance, the extent of recovery from treatment after treatment and medications, the enablers to mental health care, for instance, the existing support services by health workers, family members and caregivers, the responsiveness of the health systems; the barriers to mental health care uptake, for instance, accessibility, availability of care, adequacy, awareness, acceptability, affordability, attitudinal. Secondary outcome – The secondary outcome will focus on the potentials of existing policies and laws, for instance, the prioritization of policies by stakeholders, the effective monitoring measures, the inclusion of different age categories including children, adolescent and aged; the effectiveness of mental health care for patients;

The barriers, enablers, strategies and needs of sexual and reproductive health

Experiences of informal family caregivers of caring for a hospitalized critically ill child, including experiences of:
- physical impact (sleep and rest, nutrition, health);
- practical impact (accommodation, transportation, financial, employment);
- psychological/emotional impact (stress, conflicts, challenges, hopes and despair);
- social impact (family coping/ functioning, social disturbances and participation, communication and support), and;
- spiritual impact distress/ disturbance).

No comparator (qualitative review):

No comparator (qualitative review)

Going through the process of integration, nationalization, or resettlement

No comparator (qualitative review):

RPL; recurrent pregnancy loss: is commonly defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies before the 20 weeks of gestation. Genetic and chromosome abnormalities, uterine anomalies, infections or endocrine factors are among the underlying causes in about 50% of cases. It has been suggested that immunological reactions may account for the remained unexplained pregnancy losses.

Preeclampsia (a disorder of pregnancy characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and often a significant amount of protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy).

Preeclampsia (described as gestational hypertension ≥ 140/90 mmHg with proteinuria of ≥ 300 mg/24 that observed after 20 weeks of pregnancy.)

This review will examine qualitative outcomes related to the perceptions and experiences of male nursing students.

The prevalence and incidence of ER, PR, HER2 and triple negative

Included studies will measure the psychosocial effects on participants of animal-assisted therapy interactions. We anticipate that a large proportion of the studies found will focus on anxiety, but other states, such as loneliness or feelings of belonging may also be investigated, and the review will incorporate such studies as well. Changes may be self-reported by participants or measured via a specific tool (for example, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in the case of anxiety) or appropriate physiological measured. There should be a measurement before and after the therapy dog interaction for comparison purposes, and any changes in psychosocial state should be directly linked to the therapy interaction (that is, should control for any changes in circumstance that might also have influenced the participants.)

Primary outcome: Body mass index, weight Secondary outcome: relationship between Hedonic eating intensity and Body mass index

serum total testosterone, free testosterone, and sex-hormone– binding globulin (SHBG) levels, with increased estradiol (E2) levels, reductions in sperm concentration, total sperm count, total motility

Self-efficacy perception; Self-esteem perception; Quality of life; Family strengths; Family resilience; Personal fulfillment, Happiness; Meaning of life; Marital satisfaction

No comparator or outcome (scoping review).

Viability of Bifidobacterium spp. in animal models/ simulated gastrointestinal condition

Viability of Lactobacillus spp. in animal models/ simulated gastrointestinal condition

Dental, skeletal and soft tissue measurements that has been collected from cephalometric radiographs, dental casts, and clinical assessments primary outcome=overbite secondary outcome= distance of maxillary teeth to reference planes, distance of mandibular teeth to reference planes, interincisal angle, occlusal plane to reference lines angle, angle of mandibular plane and palatal plane to reference planes, lower anterior facial height, anterior facial height to posterior facial height ratio. Others: overbite stability, complications and side effects, treatment time, etiology

Primary outcome: Patellofemoral pain (diffuse pain over the anterior, retropatellar or prepatellar region of the knee), Secondary outcomes: pain intensity and functional status of patellofemoral region

Policies that have prevented common gastrointestinal cancers.