Registered Systematic Reviews

Quality of Life measured by any validated instrument to measure quality of life, such as World Health Organization Quality of life-Bref (WHOQOL-bref), The Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36) or Qualiveen.

: Primary outcomes: any outcomes related to posture change measured using any measurement tool and including at least one commonly used form of posture measurement relating to the shape or position of one or more body parts or to their relationship with each other. Secondary outcomes: any Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROMS).

Suicidal behaviour (completed suicide rates, para-suicide, self-harm, or suicidal ideation).

Total opioid dose administered in the immediate post-surgical period

The primary outcomes will include any validated measures of the following: Healthcare professional’s decision making: for example, reflection and decision-making identified and linked to practicing evidence-based practice. The key components of critical appraisal identified and practiced. Professional practice; for example, type of educational intervention, duration, university or no university, accredited/non-accredited. Improving registered healthcare professionals attitudes, knowledge, understanding and confidence to apply and undertake research compared to those who have not had the intervention together with the impact on professional practice and patient outcomes. Secondary outcomes will include any validated measures that evaluate the effectiveness of teaching evidence-based practice educational interventions to: registered healthcare professionals that improve professional decision-making, professional practice and patient outcomes. This will be compared to registered healthcare professionals who have not received evidence-based practice interventions. Tertiary outcomes include any validated measures comparing the difference between registered healthcare professionals who have completed an intervention teaching the evidence-based practice intervention and who have had managerial and peer support, access to resources, allocated time, continuous professional development and lifelong learning compared to registered healthcare professional who have not had the intervention. Subgroup analyses: Comparison of the outcomes (above) between the different types of registered healthcare professionals for example, physiotherapists versus occupational therapists, Physio vs Nurses, Nurses versus OT`s and likewise with other health professional groups depending on the primary research papers that we will find.

Outcome: Primary outcomes: i) Anthropometry: including changes in BMI, age and/or gender standardised BMI measures (e.g. BMI z-score, BMI percentile), % overweight for age, waist measurement, skinfolds; ii) Body composition: including changes in % body fat, lean body mass; Secondary outcomes: 3. Clinical indicators of weight changes, including changes in lipid profile, plasma insulin and glucose, blood pressure; 4. Dietary measures, including changes in energy intake, diet macronutrient composition, core food groups or diet quality indexes or scores; 5. Behaviour modification, including the eating behaviours checklist, short-fat questionnaire. 6. Changes in lifestyle factors such as physical activity levels or time spent in recreational screen time (TV, computer, tablet computer, mobile phone or hand held electronic games hours per day or week). Cost of interventions will also be examined.

Rheumatoid arthritis �associated pain level, morning stiffness

Outcome & COntext: Age, sex, moral development, moral emotion, and moral judgment.

Analgesia effectiveness of odansetron adjunct to lidocaine IVRA as evidenced by: 1: Decrease in tourniquet pain as measured by time to onset of tourniquet pain 2: Increase in postoperative pain relief as measured by the time to first request for postoperative pain medication and visual analogue score (VAS)

improved quality of life, including improvement of general health, decreased rehospitalisation, improved tolerance to physical activity

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes – people with Asbestosis, lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma chrisotyle-related.

Periodontitis risk and progression. The definition used to define the risk or the progression of periodontitis will be accepted as stated by the authors. Clinical information (clinical attachment level, alveolar bone loss, pocket probing depth) will be preferred. Self-reported information will also be considered.

Incidence of falls

Quantitative: Outcome - Primary outcomes - Identified barriers and facilitators to care; Satisfaction with pregnancy and birth care, antenatal education; Pregnancy, birth and neonatal morbidity and mortality measures Secondary outcomes -Health service and delivery outcomes

Outcome & COntext: Compliance with contact precautions, perceptions of using contact precautions, experience with using contact precautions, identified barriers, decision-making processes

No Comparator

Dental caries prevalence, severity and/or incidence measured by widely used clinical measures such as DMFT, mean DMFT, mean number of decayed/missing/filled teeth or surfaces and DMFT increment over a time period.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: Success of the treatment; reduce in drug use; sustain or even improve behavior; decrease in symptoms; learn safe coping skills; improvement in traumatic stress symptoms.

Diagnosis of interest: breast cancer

The review will consider studies that include outcome measures that relate to measurable changes in psychological and emotional distress, such as fear and anger, difficulty with communication, stressful experiences, number of communication methods used and self-esteem. Studies for inclusion will contain measurements of these areas using tools such as the emotional scale, ease of communication scale, Hospital Anxiety and depression scale, and ICU stressful experiences questionnaires.

This review will consider intervention programmes that evaluated a range of neurocognitive, mood and functional outcomes of computerised and virtual reality cognitive training programmes. Neurocognitive: - � Attention; - executive function; - general cognitive function; - � language; - short term and long term memory; - � processing speed; - � visuo-spatial ability; - verbal fluency; and - working memory. Mood: - � anxiety; and - � depression Function: - activities of daily living; - quality of life; and - perceived use of memory strategy, contentment and controllability.

This review will consider studies that include the cost of intervention, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility. The main outcome measures are cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY), which is an indicator for chronic disorders and the disability in which to quantify the burden of disease. Cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) which determines both of quantity and quality of additional life years will also be utilized. Other methods used to formally combine cost and outcome data e.g., an average cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) or incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) are also included.

Development of infection related events: Length of hospital stay, avoided deaths and sepsis.

Development of Skeletal Related Events (SREs): pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, necessity for radiation or surgery to bone.

Thirty day hospital readmission rates for AMI patients.

This is a methodological review. The outcome is aggressive periodontitis.

The outcome of interest is depressive symptom trajectories in patients with ACS. The outcome is measurable and is usually assessed using different instruments such as the Beck Depression Inventory, or the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. In order to identify the number and patterns of these trajectories, depressive symptoms should be measured on at least three different times and modeled using a group based trajectory approach.

Outcome: Preferred technology for water quality monitoring, diarrheagenic E. coli detection, health benefit for women and children.

This review will consider studies that include the outcome "change in knowledge, attitudes and risk behavior in traffic," measured by any scale.

Cost of Care delivery: a. Healthcare associated infections b. Medication Errors c. Human resources and their training d. Operational efficiency Outcome measures: Patient bills

Chronic diseases in adulthood . Chronic diseases in this study will be considered those with known common risk factors, i.e., cardiovascular, respiratory and periodontal diseases.

Outcome: pain, distress Type of studies: Randomized controlled trials

Maternal mortality

1.Verbal memory (immediate story recall, delayed story recall , immediate word list recall, delayed word list recall ) (primary) 2. Verbal working memory (primary) 3. Visuospatial working memory(primary) 4. Memory-praxis-orientation-language (ADAS-Cog)

Preterm delivery

Primary outcomes: incidence of pre term birth, incidence of low birth weight, incidence of pre eclampsia. Secondary outcomes: birth weight and incidence of intra uterine growth retardation, incidence of still birth.

Outcomes of interest are the frameworks, models or tools proposed by researchers to guide the process of incident management.

Consider studies that include the following outcome measures: Primary: Adults participating in advance care planning after a community approach educational session as measured by the participation and completion of advance care planning

Controlling Hookworm infection

Outcome: primary = perineal discomfort Outcome secondary = relationship of maternal/newborn well-being, urine retention, constipation

Adverse events, including falls

This review will consider studies that include breastfeeding success as an outcome at time of discharge from NICU. Breastfeeding success means having breast milk as the primary source (≥50%) of nutrition upon discharge from NICU, through direct breast feeding and/or bottle.

maintaining control of blood pressure after follow-up for at least three months

The final outcome is having term baby with required weight and health.

Primary outcome is the infection rates of pediatric patients with urinary catheters 3-7 days post-insertion.

1. Symptom of disease defined as clinical symptom of each mental illness which tends to be measured uniquely across different studies as followed; 1.1. Symptoms of anxiety, these measured by Beck Anxiety Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), or the Trait subscale of the Spiel Berger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). 1.2. Symptoms of depress, these measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores as well as Center for Epidemiogic Studies-Depression (CES-D). 1.3 Symptoms of psychosis, specifically positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking) and negative symptoms (avolition, poor self-care, blunted affect), measured by validated standardized instruments. These included Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale – BPRS, which is scale for the measurement of positive symptoms, general psychopathology and affective symptoms; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale – PANSS, which is the scale assessing general psychopathology, positive and negative symptoms; Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms – SANS; Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms – SAPS; and Symptom Checklist 90 - SCL-90 is a self-report clinical rating scale of psychiatric symptomatology. 1.4 Symptom of sleep disorder, these measures sleep quality included sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and total wake time. 2). Relapse rate defined as re-emergence of symptoms associated with significant disturbance in functioning and social behavior (clinical judgment), which considered time period of symptom exacerbation measured by average outcome of time duration of rehospitalization for psychotic symptom treatment. 3). Hospitalization defined as hospital admission of treatment measured by the duration of admission at inpatient department of hospital. 4) Quality of life defined as subjective evaluations of both positive and negative aspects of life covered physical functioning, occupational role, interpersonal relationships and psychological functioning, measured by validated standardized including General Quality of Life Inventory -74 - GQOLI-74 which measured physical functioning, psychological functioning, social functioning, and standard of living; Well-Being scale- WBS, measure positive aspects of psychological functioning. 5).Social functioning defined as the ability of people with schizophrenia to function in the community, measured by social functioning scale. The instruments comprise of Social Functioning Scale – SFS which measured several behavior areas, i.e., employment, social withdrawal, pro-social activities, recreation, interpersonal functioning, perceived independence, competence and perceived independence performance; Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS assess different aspects of social functioning and Health of the Nation Outcome Scale – HoNOS and Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS used to rate various aspects of mental and social health. 6). Satisfaction of treatment defined as satisfaction with treatment- care recipient average satisfaction score, which measured by satisfaction instrument.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: Primary outcome is cognitive function which evaluate by neuropsychological test, such as Stroop color and word test, Wisconsin card sorting test, and Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS), Secondary outcome are mental state which evaluate by positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), and social functioning evaluate by The life skill profile (LSP).

The primary outcomes include the completion rate of examination, bowel cleansing quality and patient’s compliance. The secondary outcome include patient’s wish to repeat the same procedure and adverse effects throughout the colon preparation and the examination.

Primary: Pain control that should be measured by unidimensional, multidimensional or behavioural validated pain assessment scales. Secondary: Patient extubation time. Patient extubation is recommended even in the first postoperative hours, preferably before the 6th hour after arrival at the ICU (GOLWASSER et al, 2007). Measured by hours or days, or as defined by the authors of the studies, the authors of the studies will define the extubation criteria.

: Primary outcomes: Aerobic capacity, expressed as peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) measured during a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test . Functional capacity, as expressed by six-minute walk distance (6MWD) measured during a six-minute walk test (6MWT). Incidence of adverse events, as defined by the International Conference on Harmonisation of Good Clinical Practice ICH-GCP (1997). Secondary outcomes: Quality of life (QoL) measured using generic and heart failure specific validated questionnaires (e.g. Short Form-36, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire). Cardiac function (left ventricular ejection fraction). Force-generating capacity of peripheral muscles (e.g. measures of quadriceps muscle force, hand-grip force).

Control of FBS, PPBS, HbA1C

Outcome: Primary outcome - Pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation (PAV) incidence. Secondary outcome – mortality. Both outcomes in adult patients of both sexes, critically ill, hospitalized in the ICU, on mechanical ventilation.

Therapeutic efficacy regarding absorption and adverse events. Primary: Absorption. If there was absorption of medications or fluid by subcutaneous route. Secondary: Adverse events. Adverse events related to subcutaneous infusion of medications or fluids. Indicated by local pain, fluid overload, local edema, cellulitis, infection, infiltration/extravasation, hyperemia, obstruction, erythema, ecchymosis, reaction at the puncture site, inflammatory signs, abscess, hematoma, pruritus, rash, tissue necrosis and burning sensation.

• Rates/frequency of distractions and interruptions • Rates of medication error of any sort including error in 5 rights (right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right patient) • Rates of medication errors that result in injury or adverse outcome • Rates of high risk medication errors • Self-reported near-misses

reduced anxiety, increased satisfaction

domestic violence (absence or magnitude of the violence)

Primary outcome: Decreased Mortality; Secondary outcome: Liver transplant free survival

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: nursing interventions to reduce edema in heart failure patients, nursing interventions related to edema in acute heart failure patients, nursing care related to pulmonary edema in heart failure patients

PRIMARY 1. Pain: This will be measured by the use of validated pain tools. 2. Analgesic use: This will be measured by type, frequency, duration and total cumulative dose of analgesics 3. Adverse events: • Incidence and severity of Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndrome (IWS). Measured by validated withdrawal tool and use of adjunctive pharmacological therapies to manage IWS • Respiratory depression requiring intubation if infant not already receiving assisted ventilation, or administration of naloxone (a medication used to block or reverse the effects of opioid medication). SECONDARY 1. Nurse or parent satisfaction

• Outcome: Quantitative - measurement of pain using validated pain tools

Viral shedding examined by immunological and/or viral evaluations Secondary outcomes: • resolution of symptoms as reported by the patient • clinical cure as reported by the physician or investigator (fever, duration of diarrhea, diarrhea episodes) • Immunological responses including the titer of Ab and interleukins • adverse reactions or side effects

1). Symptoms of psychosis, specifically positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking) and negative symptoms (avolition, poor self-care, blunted affect), measured by standardized instruments. This outcome comprised of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale – BPRS, which is a scale for the measurement of positive symptoms, general psychopathology and affective symptoms and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale – PANSS, which is the scale for assessing general psychopathology, positive symptoms (PANSS-P) and negative symptoms (PANSS-N) or Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms – SANS, which providing a global rating of the following negative symptoms: alogia; affective blunting; avolition-apathy; anhedonia-asociality and attention impairment. Symptom Checklist 90 - SCL-90, The SCL-90 is a self-report clinical rating scale of psychiatric symptomatology. It consists with somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, anger hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism, disturbances in appetite and sleep. The SCL-90 also utilizes three global distress indices: Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and Positive Symptom Total (PST). 2). Relapse rate defined as re-emergence of psychotic symptoms associated with significant disturbance in functioning and social behavior (clinical judgment) follow-up: 4 months, 12 month. 3). Hospitalization defined as hospital admission for treatment. These can be measured by the duration of admission at inpatient department of hospital. 4). Compliance with medication, the type of measurement such as Schedule for Assessment of Insight – SAI have three dimensions of insight: treatment adherence, recognition of illness and symptom re-labelling. And Compliance scale comprises of 1) complete or partial refusal (refused depot or accepts only minimum dose); 2) takes medication irregularly (interruption of medication < four weeks), reluctant, requires persuasion, disagrees with psychiatrist in charge about dose; 3) takes medication regularly (interruption of medication < one week), agrees with psychiatrist-in-charge about dose; 4) active participation, readily accepts and shows some responsibility for regimen. 5). Quality of life defined as subjective evaluations of both positive and negative aspects of life covered physical functioning, occupational role, interpersonal relationships and psychological functioning, measured by validated standardized instruments . The instrument of quality of life can be measured by General Quality of Life Inventory -74 - GQOLI-74 or Well-Being scale-WBS, which measured positive aspects of psychological functioning and General Quality of Life Inventory -74 - GQOLI-74 assessed physical functioning, psychological functioning, social functioning, and standard of living. 6). Social functioning defined as the ability of people with schizophrenia to function in the community, measured by social functioning scale. The instruments comprise of Social Functioning Scale – SFS or Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS. For the Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS assess different aspects of social functioning. And the Social functioning scale – SFS measures several behavior areas: employment, social withdrawal, pro-social activities, recreation, interpersonal functioning, perceived independence, competence and perceived independence performance. Health of the Nation Outcome Scale – HoNOS and Social Disability Screening Schedule – SDSS used to rate various aspects of mental and social health.

Primary: complete healing (re-epithelization of the skin), or reduction of the burned area (rate of change of wound area - length, width, and depth - considering absolute changes {area changes in cm2, based on first wound measurement} and relative changes {change in area percentage related to initial wound measurement}, as measured by centimeters or percentage of burned area, according to control of the institution). Secondary: decreased pain (assessed during the period of treatment using silicone dressing, measured by pain assessment scales, questionnaires and other reliable tools), reduction of hospitalization time (measured by days of hospitalization), adverse effects, such as sensitivity to some component of the product, (evaluated through clinical signs or laboratory tests) or increased lesion (measured by centimeters or percentage of the burned area, according to control of the institution).

Endoscopic visibility.

Duration of staying on benzodiazepine treatment and dosage of benzodiazepine given in treatment that will be measured over 48 hours to 6 days post- treatment

The current review will consider studies that indicate: the detection of signs of clinical worsening of trauma victims in ward units using MEWS; result of the MEWS as support in the decision to transfer to intensive care units.

The main outcome measures are the presence of adverse events such as risk of infection, risk of mortality, and risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

Temperature as measured by TA accurately compares to the criterion standard and can be considered a criterion standard of temperature measurement in pediatrics

increased knowledge, skills and individual practice; improved organizational practice; improved health and wellbeing of consumers

Primary; Incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia. Secondary; 1) Use of phototherapy, 2) Length of stay at birth due to hyperbilirubinemia, 3) Readmission rate due to hyperbilirubinemia.

Success rate of peripheral intravenous cannulation or number of attempts needed.

Debriefing experience scale, knowledge, nursing competencies, reflection, sense of coherence, stress-coping, sense of control, perspective transformation

Occurrence of any type of malocclusion, such as anterior open bite, posterior cross-bite, overjet, overbite, deep bite.

anxiety levels, negative symptoms and functions of interpersonal interactions

This review to review studies that evaluate the intervention effect on the outcomes of level and styles of rumination measured by any validated instruments. This review will not narrow the scope for outcome to a limited range of instruments. Instead, it is the intention of the review to provide a comprehensive and explicit synthesis on findings from all available validated instruments.

Birth outcomes such as maternal, perinatal, and infant outcomes will be examined

The outcomes for this review will be adherence to the screening program, early stage detection rate, patient satisfaction, psychosocial issues, and quality of life.

Normal blood pressure (systolic <141 and diastolic <91)

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measure: Incidence of stroke.

The effect of each medication on the cognitive function is analyzed as a primary outcome.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: the effect of pharyngeal lidocaine on the total dose of propofol administered during EGDs with each type of pharyngeal lidocaine, which includes viscous solution lidocaine, spray lidocaine, or gel lidocaine.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: signal quality, clinically insignificant alarms, surface adhesion, and motion artifact.

This systematic review aims to analyse and pool together literature in order to explore the affect food based activities have on well-being 1. To establish from literature how wellbeing can be enhanced by food occupations for example, food preparation, cooking and shopping 2. To explore how the varying aspects of wellbeing, such as frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction can affect a person’s wellbeing 3. To examine different circumstances such as economic background, age, health and culture can alter the affect food occupations have on people’s wellbeing

Glycemic control is defined as majority of glucometer readings between 5-10 mmol/L, where hypoglycemia is any value less than 4 mmol/L and hyperglycemia is greater than 10 mmol/L.

Measures of self-esteem, self-efficacy, weight loss or maintenance, health care costs and savings, HBA1c, Health Quality of Life, depression and anxiety, intention to change, problem-solving skills, waist to hip ratio, physical activity, sleep, fruit and vegetable intake.

The outcome of interest is concordance between the total dietary flavonoid intake estimated using dietary assessment methods and the �database containing flavonoid composition of foods. This review will not consider outcomes of flavonoid intake that solely investigate specific flavonoids or one particular subclass.

The outcome of interest is the accuracy of �total dietary flavonoid intake estimated using biomarkers of flavonoid intake in human tissue, including plasma, urine and faecal water. This review will not consider outcomes of flavonoid intake that solely investigate specific flavonoids or one particular subclass. In addition, this review will not consider studies investigating the bioavailability/pharmacokinetics of flavonoid metabolism.

No comparator (Qualitative review)

The qualitative component will consider the anticipated and actual roles and experiences of first-time fathers experiencing labor and birth. The quantitative component will consider the reporting of roles and experiences towards labor and birth from surveys and questionnaires. (Outcome & Context)

Quantitative: Quality of Life of adult palliative home cared cancer patients and their informal caregivers. Qualitative: Non-applicable

Outcomes: Primary: Complete healing (re-epithelization of the skin): proportion and frequency of completely closed ulcers during follow-up. Time to complete healing of ulcers, using survival approaches, event time, adjusted for relevant covariates, such as baseline size, according to days, weeks, or months required for complete closure of the wound. Adverse events, indicated by infection rate, according to evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms (exudate, odor, necrotic tissue and the need for amputation). Secondary: reduction of area (rate of change of wound area - length, width and depth - considering absolute changes {area changes in cm2, based on the first wound measurement} and relative changes {variation of area percentage related to initial measurement of the wound}, as measured by planimetry, digital photography, transparent diagram with grid scale in mm2, infrared camera with specific thermal sensitivity for human skin). Pain (assessed during treatment period, during dressing change, as measured by pain evaluation scales, questionnaires and other trustable tools); Quality of life measured by generic (SF-36, EQ, SF-12, SF-6) or specific standard questionnaires (Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire (CCVUQ)).

Survival, cognition, intelligence, gross motor skills, language, visual function and perception, attention, memory, fine motor skills, behavioural and emotional functioning, quality of life.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: Below caseness reported via either Psychometrics (e.g. IES-R) or a Structured clinical assessment (e.g. CAPs).

HRQoL or quality of life (including either one of physical, mental/psychological, social functioning, or vitality, or general health) measured by FACT-G or SF36 or SF12

Effects on nursing workplace culture e.g. relationships with staff and managers, job satisfaction etc.

No comparator

A reduction in depressive symptoms for the person/patient

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: satisfaction and anxiety among patients and families, hemodynamic changes and infection rates among patients and satisfaction among nursing staff.

Anxiety, depression [measured by validated instruments such as Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)]

The outcome of interest will be the perception of health related risks as evaluated by a quantitative measurement tool. The majority of risk perception studies use investigator developed measurement tools. There are, however, a few psychometrically tested risk perception measurement tools such as the Risk Perception Survey- Diabetes Mellitus (RPS-DM)(Walker et al, 2007), the Perception of Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire (PPRQ) (Heaman & Gupton, 2009) and the Household Risk Perception Instrument (ONeal et al, 2012). Further, an assessment of the methodological quality of measurement tools used in the included studies will be conducted.

Outcome & COntext: Primary outcomes: weight, Body Mass Index, weight gain velocity, weight for length, weight for age. Secondary outcomes: Improvement of parental perception of child’s weight status; improved parental child weighing behaviours; improved child feeding practices and behaviours. Context qualitative data obtained from free living participants or practitioners involved in a behaviour changing intervention initiated for children <2years.

n/a

n/a

experiences, coping, immediate postnatal needs

experiences, coping, immediate postnatal needs

NAS outcomes may include the severity of symptoms (e.g., peak score), duration of NAS symptoms in days, need for pharmacologic treatment, length of pharmacologic treatment in days, and length of stay in complex care in days.

Comparator: waiting list control, neutral consultation or no treatment group

The outcome is the length of stay of inpatients with two or more comorbid diagnoses in an acute care hospital environment treated by interprofessional healthcare teams.

There will be no limitations on the type of malocclusion; this review will consider studies that include different features of malocclusions as outcome measures. These will include but are not limited to: overjet, overbite, open bite, anterior open bite, crowded teeth, cross bite, deep bite, tipped teeth, centerline discrepancy and Class II canine/molar relationship.

Primary outcome: Needs assessment instruments for informal dementia caregivers Secondary outcomes: 1) Implementability and relevance in diverse settings of research and clinical practice: - Purpose (original intended use) - Application method (self-reported, professionally-interviewed) - Administration burden (training for clinicians, time for completion and evaluation) - Number of items and domain structure 2) Psychometric properties of each needs assessment instrument for informal dementia caregivers: - Reliability - Validity

any outcome measure relating to EBMgt effectiveness, knowledge, attitudes, skill acquisition and practice behaviors.

Incidence per 100,000 population and any survival outcomes (e.g. survival to hospital or to hospital discharge; survival to 30 days; neurologically intact survival; survival to 30 days, 6 months or 12 months).

Deaths attributed to SIDS during the course of the study.

Feeding behavior of infants during 1st year of age: initiation of oral feeding; feeding milestones; difficulties in eating behavior.

Primary outcomes: The effectiveness of internet and LAN based interventions will be assessed based on the following primary outcomes: • Learners’ knowledge, measured using any validated or non-validated instrument to measure difference in pre- and post-test scores or post-test scores only if no pre-test has been reported. If several post-test results are available, the difference between the pre-test and the first post-test will be used. • Learners’ skills, measured using any validated or non-validated instrument (e.g. pre- and post-test scores, time to perform a procedure, number of errors made whilst performing a procedure). • Learners’ attitudes towards patients (e.g. awareness of moral and ethical responsibilities involved in patient contact) and/or towards new clinical knowledge or skills measured using any validated or non-validated instrument. • Learners’ satisfaction with the learning intervention measured using any validated or non-validated instrument. •Patient related outcomes. Secondary outcomes: The following secondary outcomes will be considered: • Adverse and/or unintended effects of internet and LAN based intervention. • Cost effectiveness of the intervention.

The quantitative component of this review will include studies that include the following outcome measures: - primary outcome: resilience - any objective validated measure of resilience or surrogate concept. The review will include studies conducted in any social, cultural, economic, geographic or environmental context and in any setting including the community, workplace, participants’ homes in the community, schools, university, care homes, or hospital, medical or any other health practice.

Meaningful interventions in pediatric palliative care across settings

Immunosuppressive medication adherence

working conditions, working environment, workplace, workload, job satisfaction, and burnout professional.

Risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia, mortality before hospital discharge.

Any reported outcomes on S/R in the workplace at group or organizational level or in management.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes; any report of symptomatic urinary tract infection and / or bacteria related catheter blockage.

accepted accuracy and error (over triage and under triage)

The outcome of interest is how well the measures of movement and mobility align with the codes in the International Classification of Function that are associated with movement and mobility

No comparator or outcome (scoping review)

fetal well-being and perinatal outcome 1. IUGR 2. Fetal biophysical profile 3. Intrauterine fetal death 4. Emergency cesarean delivery 5. lower birth weight centile 6. Apgar scores 7. Neonatal acidemia 8. neonatal intensive care admissions 9. preterm birth 10. perinatal death

Speech, language and communication associated outcomes. Specifically: Syntax, semantics, phonological awareness, language processing, expressive language, descriptive language. Measured by tools such as validated scales: MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Reynell Developmental Language Scales, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; and more informal measures such as: words per minute, mean length of utterance and different words used.

Outcome & COntext: he quantitative component of the review will consider studies that include any of the following outcomes: death; injury; hospitalization; admission to residential care; evacuation; outcomes relating to the physical health, behavioural and psychological symptoms, or cognitive function of the person with dementia; outcomes relating to the physical and mental health of carers. The qualitative component of this review will consider studies that describe and explore the experience of preparing for, and/or responding to, a natural disaster from the perspectives of carers of people with dementia living in the community. The textual component of this review will consider expert opinion, recommendations, guides or reports relating to the preparation for, and/or response to natural disasters that apply to carers of people with dementia living in the community.

Primary outcomes: The effectiveness of internet and LAN based interventions will be assessed based on the following primary outcomes: • Learners’ knowledge, measured using any validated or non-validated instrument to measure difference in pre- and post-test scores or post-test scores only if no pre-test has been reported. If several post-test results are available, the difference between the pre-test and the first post-test will be used. • Learners’ skills, measured using any validated or non-validated instrument (e.g. pre- and post-test scores, time to perform a procedure, number of errors made whilst performing a procedure). • Learners’ attitudes towards patients (e.g. awareness of moral and ethical responsibilities involved in patient contact) and/or towards new clinical knowledge or skills measured using any validated or non-validated instrument. • Learners’ satisfaction with the learning intervention measured using any validated or non-validated instrument. •Patient related outcomes. Secondary outcomes: The following secondary outcomes will be considered: • Adverse and/or unintended effects of internet and LAN based intervention. • Cost effectiveness of the intervention.

psychiatric wards

Outcomes: This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: intent to leave (e.g. nurses’ intent to leave their job or nursing), work productivity, job satisfaction, psychological and behavioral responses of nurses, and medical errors

Outcome & COntext: Occupational participation, performance or engagement, functional ability, or satisfaction with activities/occupations in everyday life. The review will consider studies conducted in any health and social care context.

As there is no consensus about outcome measurement for occupational therapy and mental health, the quantitative component of this umbrella review will consider systematic reviews that include any of the following outcomes as primary outcomes: participation, occupational participation, performance or engagement, functional ability or satisfaction with activities of everyday life. These outcomes will be measured by standardized assessment tools, or validated self-report measures, such as, but not limited to, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure or the Occupational Self Assessment. The secondary outcomes of interest are quality of life and health related quality of life. Participation and activities are part of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) definition of health related states and therefore these are anticipated to be a secondary outcome to changes in participation in activities of daily life. There will be no limiter on which outcome measure used.

Outcome: Statistically significant increase or improvement using a valid measure of the knowledge, skills or practices of health professionals or of patient morbidity, mortality or satisfaction.

The authors will extract the following main data: 1) First author, year of publication and study type; 2) Number and characteristics of patients of both laparoscopic and robotic resection group; 3) Treatment outcomes including blood loss (ml), operative timing (minutes), conversion rate (%), mortality (%), morbidity (%), R1 resection rates (%) and hospital stay (days).

Outcome & COntext: The quantitative component of this review - primary outcomes: pain; any validated measure of pain (numeric rating scale (NRS)/ visual analogue scale (VAS). Disability; any validated measure of disability (e.g. Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes; Any measure which investigates the individuals’ physical, psychological, or social health and wellbeing; Pain Knowledge (e.g. Neurophysiology of pain test). The qualitative component of this review: Context; qualitative data obtained from the lived experiences of individuals.

Phenomena of interest: In this study; pedagogy defined as the theory and method of teaching. Specifically what theory, conceptual framework or established practices (e.g. the psychomotor skills laboratory) do nurse educators rely upon when instilling simulation pedagogy in pre licensure education of nurses.

Primary outcomes Performance improvement. Secondary outcomes Decrease response time and increase accuracy

The rate of urine incontinence.

This review aims to review studies that evaluate the clinical and personal predictors for employment outcome for People with mental illnesses after they have attended psychiatric rehabilitation programme. This review will not narrow the scope for outcome to a limited range of instruments. Instead, it is the intention of the review to provide a comprehensive and explicit synthesis on findings from all available validated instruments.

Taste alterations and food hedonics.

Outcome of interest include: prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance, characteristics of resistance, and type of pathogens.

Primary outcome: relative effectiveness of CPP ACP with fluoride varnishes, or CPP ACP together with fluoride varnishes compared with fluoride varnishes alone, for preventing dental caries of children and adolescents. Secondary outcome. Progression of caries lesion into enamel or dentine, Time taken to apply CPP-ACP or fluoride varnish, Number of visits to the dentist for repair of CPP-ACP or fluoride varnish application, Adverse events and safety of sealants and fluoride varnishes.

Depressive symptoms and glycaemic control

This umbrella review will include existing systematic reviews related to the primary and secondary outcome measures. The primary outcome of interests are any measure of exercise capacity including VO2peak and the six-minute walk distance. The secondary outcomes of interest are health-related quality of life, lung function, upper and lower limb muscle strength, length of hospital stays, dyspnea, fatigue, and complications.

Quality of life

The primary outcome evaluated will be the quality of life of cancer patients with colorectal advanced. This condition will be evaluated through the reduction and less intensity of signs and symptoms; proximity of family and friends and reduction of hospitalization.

Outcome & COntext: Safety and efficacy of rapid Quetiapine titration measured by validated clinical instruments.

The outcome of interest is ED throughput, typically measured as a patient’s length of stay (LOS) in the ED. Studies measure this in different ways, entirely as a patient’s total LOS, and/or partially as time to provider, time to admission, time to discharge, time to transfer, or time in room. This is measured in time, typically minutes. A facility’s electronic medical record is most often used to track these metrics. These metrics are often included as key words or search terms, and thus will be considered primary outcomes.

The validity and reliability of self report pain assessment tools on communicating acute pain scores and intensity in the adult post surgical patient.

neonatal survival related outcomes.

Outcome (quantitative): • Rates of medication error of any sort including error in 5 rights (right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right patient) • Rates of medication errors that result in injury or adverse outcome • Rates of high risk medication errors • Self-reported near-misses

Risk of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (according to classification systems such as ICD-10, DSM-5TM, etc.).

marital dissolution or divorce

The outcomes will included quantitative results such as quantification of mRNA by RT-qPCR or protein level by Western blot, effect on cell viability (in vitro studies) or mortality (in vivo), nigrostriatal quantification.

Outcome: Sensitivity and specificity of tool or criteria in predicting the above sepsis outcomes.

Perceptions of nurses towards co-morbid substance use. Self-efficacy of nurses towards co-morbid substance use. Attitude of nurses towards co-morbid substance use.

Outcomes such as presence, frequency, severity of self-harm behavior will be examined.

Self-management behaviour of adult people living with diabetes

Comparator: No comparator.

Registered nurses’ knowledge, clinical skill ability, critical thinking ability, confidence and self-efficacy.

This review will consider studies that include the following as related to compassion fatigue and/or compassion satisfaction: turnover rate, employee engagement scores, nurse satisfaction scores or burnout inventories. Studies that report standardized measures will be included if there are before and after results following an intervention. These are: Professional Quality of Life Survey, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Mueller Satisfaction Scale, the Stress in General Scale, the Caring Behaviors Scale and the PsyCap questionnaire.

Outcome & COntext ; The context is engaging undergraduate nursing students in critical thinking and written literacy strategies and the outcome is to identify how these strategies will translate into professional practice

No comparator (qualitative review)

Measurable changes in informal family caregivers’ mental and physical health in the following areas:
- stress and coping
- sleep and rest
- nutrition
- health
- spiritual distress/ disturbance
- perceived needs
Studies for inclusion will contain measurements of these areas. e.g. measured by the Parental Stressor Scale: PICU symptoms checklist, Pediatric Inventory for Parents: PIP, Coping Health Inventory for Parents, and - assessed by Critical Care family Needs Inventory scale).

This review will explore outcomes that may result from being treated in an ED, including Mortality as measured by hospital standardized mortality ratio or other appropriate measure; Inpatient LOS as measured by time spent as inpatient in days and hours; Time to treatment for example time to theatre for fractured neck of femur or appendectomy, time to analgesia or medications, time to medical treatment for diagnosed condition.; Leave without being seen rate measured as those who have been triaged but do not wait for treatment; Missed interventions such as prescribed medications not given, activities of daily living not attended to; Adverse events such as medication error, surgical error, undetected deterioration in clinical condition; Patient satisfaction as measured by self-rating instruments.

This review will consider studies that include any of the different types of dental trauma as per the International Association of Dental Traumatology

Prevention of hip dislocation or reduction in hip dysplasia or hip migration rate.

The outcome of interest in this review is the time reported in seconds for arterial oxygen saturation levels to fall to 95% and/or below after induction of anaesthesia. This may include objective measurements of oxygen saturation by means of pulse oximetry and/or corresponding arterial blood gas analysis.

Cost effectiveness of feeding method; health outcomes including length of stay, incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis, mortality, and neurodevelopmental impairment measured as quality-adjusted life years.

The effect of BMI upon absentee rates. How absentee rates alter in terms of frequency of absenteeism and duration of absenteeism. The effect of obesity levels on workplace injury rates. The effect of obesity on lost-time injuries in terms of frequency and duration of lost time injury events. The effect of obesity levels on the return to work rates of workplace injured employees.

health care services utilization as measured in terms of out-patient visit increment or increment in any specific health care services

Adherence to therapy measured as: Adhered (≥95% adherence over the previous 30 days and 100% adherence over the previous 3 days or the actual proportion of doses taken versus doses prescribed (0.0–1.0) [to be treated as a continuous outcome), not adhered, adherence improved, adherence not improved, Clinical progression of the HIV patients as measure by viral load, clinical staging and CD4 count.

Primary: Rates of Postoperative pulmonary complications; Length of postoperative hospital stay. Secondary: Measures of oxygenation; Postoperative mortality; Time to first sit out of bed; Time to first ambulation; Health-related quality of life; Measures of anxiety and depression; Measures of patient satisfaction; Adverse events; Costs.

Primary outcome measures are systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Studies that measured clinical or ambulatory blood pressure using standardised and validated methods will be considered in this review. Urinary sodium that is measured over a 24 hour sample, spot analysis, or partial 24 hour collections will be considered in this review. Dietary measurements of compliance in the forms of retrospective diet histories, tablet counts (for those interventions that utilised sodium/placebo tablets), and food diaries will be considered in this review.

Increase in the release of microbial emissions as measured by particle counts.

Households’ food security in Ethiopia.

Mortality rate

Birth weight

There will be three outcome measurements: The first will be any evidence of dyspnea or the sensation of shortness of breath experienced by the patient. This will be objectively measured by the percent of oxygen saturation in the patient when resting or when mobilizing, or when patient complains of feeling short of breath. The second measurement is the weight loss when a patient is on diuretics alone compared with diuretics and lower leg compression. The third outcome measurement will be the patients’ total length of stay for a diagnosis of acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure when the intervention and the comparator are examined.

breast feeding behavior

Cecal Intubation rate

Clinical conditions: Bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment level; Immunological markers: Interleukins -1, -6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, Leptin, Resistin, Adiponectin.

Skills performance, clinical reasoning, communication skills, self-efficacy, confidence and team working

Increased patient satisfaction

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: mobile applications that measured adherence to treatment of patients with Chronic Heart Failure.

Blood pressure, complications, hospital visit, number of hospital visit and admissions

To identify the effectiveness of current clinical nursing education models. The effectiveness of models will be evaluated by the outcomes of student and staff satisfaction, clinical staff perception of student competence, and student learning outcomes. Learning outcomes could include, but are not limited to, competence-based measures such as clinical competence, pass/fail course completion, and evaluative assessments, and confidence-based measures such as student confidence and satisfaction.

Clinician or patient reported behavioral outcomes include: • The number of steps or distance walked for a defined time period • The amount of exercise for a defined period of time • Pedometer confirmed change in walking/running activity over study time period, and • Attendance at individual or group physical activity sessions. Clinician or patient reported cognitive outcomes include: • Measures of self-efficacy, barriers, goals, outcome expectation and physical activity at baseline and follow up.

The outcome measurements will include (1) the effectiveness of screening components for identifying any patient in all setting with or at risk of having swallowing difficulties, and (2) any outcomes measures from interventions that aimed to prevent aspiration, chest infection, coughing and choking episodes, or other associated morbidities.

Postopertive Fall Rate

Postoperative Knee Flexion

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures. • Psychological outcomes of parents (measured by any scale) anxiety (trait and state), mood state, depression, stress • Parental Belief measured by 20-item Parental Belief Scale (PBS) (Melyk, 1994) • Interaction with child measured by Index of Parental Behaviour (IPB) • Parental Participation measured by any scale

Knowledge of smoking cessation methods, number of attempts to quit smoking, and abstinence from smoking.

For Quantitative Review Question Outcome(s): Undergraduate nursing students, school of nursing faculty members' and clinical instructors' satisfaction, and competencies, and organizational outcomes; i.e. costs. The specific review questions to be addressed are: What is the effect of dedicated education units on student outcomes? What is the effect of dedicated education units on school of nursing faculty and clinical instructors in the practice setting? What is the effect of dedicated education units on schools of nursing and organizational outcomes?

Near misses and medication errors related to administration (nurses)

This review will consider studies that include: • Heart Failure self-care behaviours which measure self-care management, by Self-Care Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) or European Heart Failure Self-Care Behavior Scale (EHFScBS) instruments; • Hospital readmissions.

Back Pain reduction, Tool: Numeric rating scale

This review will consider studies that measure qualified healthcare professional and healthcare student attitudes and/or behaviour towards breastfeeding following an educational intervention. Studies that use validated measures of attitudes towards infant feeding such as Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes Scale (IIFAS) (de la Mora et al,1999) will be considered, in addition to studies that describe behavioural or attitudinal change through any observer or self-report or survey or questionnaire.

Primary outcome is quality of life (QOL) and secondary outcome is patients’ satisfaction.

Frequency and/or rate (events per inpatient unit number of patient days x1,000) all falls (unplanned descent to a lower surface) and/or falls with any physical injury sustained

Gestational age, pre-term birth, very pre-term birth, low birth weight, very low birth weight, congenital anomalies, admission to neonatal intensive care unit and perinatal mortality of infants born after the IVF procedures. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals will be presented for all outcomes. Heterogeneity will be assessed using standard chi-square tests. Sensitivity analyses will be conducted for the outcomes to check whether conclusions are robust to eligibility of studies. Subgroup analysis will be performed on matched, unmatched and singleton vs multiple IVF pregnancies.

prevention of cervical cancer and genital warts

Primary Outcome – Medication adherence, assessed by, but not limited to Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ), Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8); Secondary outcomes – Quality of life and hospital readmissions.

The methodological quality of the trials was rated in accordance to CONSORT Statement for Herbal Interventions. The main variables were number, duration and severity of asthma exacerbations; symptoms; FEV1; PEF; medication use and pulmonary function test.

duration of wound healing time, size or surface area of scar after healing, duration of hospitalization, development of side effects, cost.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: level of pain (mild, moderate, severe - according to the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), visual analogue scale (VAS) or Likert scale), function limitation, extension of ability to move measured by standardized scale, osteoporosis remission measured with X-ray or CT scan, ligament, muscle and bone dystrophy using standardized screening techniques before and after HBOT.

Main outcome: Recruitment (typically measured by the number hired in a fiscal year) and Retention (typically measured by the number who actively resigned divided by the number on board in a fiscal year) Secondary Outcomes: Competency (measured by an objective scale), Professional development (measured quantitatively), Job Satisfaction (measured quantitatively)

Primary outcomes of interest include quantitative measures of RN job satisfaction or job enjoyment, measures of RN intent to stay/leave the current work position, and percent of RNs separating or transferring from the current work environment—unit or organization—identified either by survey or interview as resulting from RN job dissatisfaction. Secondary outcomes of interest include measures of RN burn-out and RN separation or transfer from the current work environment for any reason, including termination.

The following outcomes will be considered: • Coping • Anxiety • Depression • Stress levels • Knowledge/information comprehension • Reassurance/support • Satisfaction • Uncertainty Only studies that used a validated tool to assess the effectiveness of their intervention will be included

Primary outcomes to be considered would be hamstring muscle peak activation measured by EMG, hamstring muscle timing measured by EMG in isolation or in relation to other muscle groups, proprioception at the knee joint measured by movement analysis systems or joint position sense. A secondary outcome would be pain as measured by visual analogue scale.

The review will consider studies that include breastfeeding rate and duration as the primary outcomes, measured either during postpartum period. Breastfeeding outcomes reported as breastfeeding rate and duration, breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding self-efficacy, breastfeeding attitudes and breastfeeding behavior will be included. The adverse outcomes will be documented if reported.

This review will consider studies that included the following outcome measures; knowledge of mental illness, skills (communication & referral skill) and attitudes towards mental illness and people with mental illness.

As physical measure: Adherence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) Absence of side effects of ART such as chronic pain, depression, anxiety, anger, gastrointestinal problems (diarrhea, nausea and vomiting), neuropathic pain, dermatological problem such as rashes.24 CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, Viral load and other biochemical markers specifically related to HIV infection As psychological measures; Any measurement scale for stress, anxiety and depression As quality of life Any study which uses any scale for measuring of the quality of life

Behavior, mood, cognitive level, communication and functional status assessed by any scale.

This review will include but is not limited to the following outcome measures: Healing wound parameters, e.g. time, wound size, exudate levels. Surgical site infections; superficial and deep, surgical wound dehiscence, wound pain, wound seroma and length of hospital stay.

Incidence of epileptic episodes as observed from information in study articles in form of either mean (SD) for both group or in form of no. of patient with epileptic episode after intervention and total number of patients in study.

Comparator: no education intervention or different education intervention on nurses

Studies that include the following outcome measures: expected outcome for pregnant women, nutritional related problems for children or neonates, newborn and infant and expected outcome for knowledge and understanding of midwives on healthy eating. This divided into primary and secondary outcomes: Primary outcomes: Knowledge and understanding acquired by midwives regarding diet and nutritional requirements measured by any validated or non-validated instruments, Learners’ affective outcomes (attitude and level of confidence) measured by any validated or non-validated instruments. Secondary outcomes: Pregnant women (BMI, Gestational weight gain and Anaemia), Newborn and children (birth weight, obesity...) and Organization (such as mortality rate).

Self-reported moral distress as measured by the Moral Distress Scale

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: parenting stress, maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal confidence. Outcome measures includes but is not restricted to: Parenting stress, i.e., self-report such as the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) Maternal depressive symptoms, i.e., self-report such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Maternal confidence , i.e., self-report such as the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire (MCQ)

Outcomes would include a variety of patient and provider outcomes as indicators of the quality and safety of patient care in organizational settings (such as hospital acquired infections).

This review will study the effectiveness of preventive programs therefore coming to a conclusion as to which is the most effective in reducing the development of CVD. Secondary outcome will be focused on the effectiveness of preventive programs to reduce the risk of developing CVD in correlation with health care professionals who deliver such programs to the clients. Tertiary outcome will be focused on the effectiveness or preventive programs to reduce the risk of individuals with a low social economic status from developing CVD.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: rates of cardiac arrests and hospital mortality rates.

Hospitalization rate.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: the primary outcome is preventing progression to psychosis (incidences of sub threshold psychosis and first-episode psychosis), the secondary outcomes such as symptoms of psychosis (both positive and negative symptoms), psychosocial functioning, depression, anxiety and quality of life.

Knowledge toward suicidal ideation: knowledge score  e.g. sign of suicide, warning sign  suicide Attitude toward suicide behavior, and attitude toward treatment Help-behavior seeking skill such as seeking information, service accessing, seeking for treatment and others resources.

The primary outcome will be pain, measured by any recognised method such as the Oxford Pain Scale, Numeral Rating Scales and Behavioural Pain Scales.

Change in NP knowledge, NP behaviour or patient outcomes.

Reducing opioid use: The use of prescription opioid medication has the potential for patients to misuse or abuse opioid medication. Teach-back consists of four stages; (explaining, assessing, clarifying, and understanding). Validated measurement scales that can measure the outcome of reducing opioid use. Health Literacy Universal Precautions Tool and the Teach-back Toolkit are ways to measure the outcome of interest being reducing opioid. These tools have been validated and are reliable instruments utilized by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measure: Smoking cessation.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measure: Smoking cessation.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: motivational interviewing, heart failure and patient compliance

Reduction of granuloma (granulation tissue) or cicatrization (wound healing)

No comparator (Qualitative review)

Identification of the most effective assessment tools for measuring improvements in performance, /competence and practice of health care professionals following simulation

HbA1c and body weight measured at endpoint of intervention. Number of hypoglycaemic events throughout the course of the interventions will be used as a measure of adverse effects of the dietary interventions.

The phenomena of interest are the effects of educational interventions, which are inclusive of both family caregivers and individuals with HF, on outcomes for both. Relationship level outcomes are of specific interest. Relationship level outcomes are dyad congruence or incongruence, dyadic discrepancy, communication, shared decision-making, and reciprocity. Co-variates that may moderate the effects of educational interventions are also of interest. These co-variatate are configuration of the care partners’ age, gender, race, education, health literacy, marital status, socioeconomic status, co-morbidities, and knowledge. This review will consider studies that evaluate educational interventions for family caregivers and dyadic interventions. Dyadic interventions are defined as strategies tailored to the needs of both care partners. Dyadic interventions of interest target HF self-care, palliative care, and/or social support. Dyadic interventions may include strategies to improve HF knowledge, self-care, and skills related to goal setting, communication, and shared decision-making. Interventions may include information related to prognosis, future planning, palliative care, adherence to medication, maintaining a healthy diet, daily weighing, reducing salt intake, limiting alcohol, smoking cessation, taking care of one self, and recognizing and appropriately responding to symptoms. The analytic and narrative component of the review will consider studies that tested any type of educational, psychosocial, skill building or palliative care interventions that targeted the caregiver or both care partners. Education and psychosocial interventions have been shown to improve HF self-care, symptom management, quality of life, and reduce readmissions to hospitals. Self-care interventions includes information related to adherence to medication, maintaining a healthy diet, daily weighing, reducing salt intake, recognizing and reporting symptoms to a health professional, and palliative care planning. Palliative care interventions are defined as a holistic approach to future care planning based on the care values and preferences regardless of prognosis (1). Central to palliative care is communication and shared decision making. Palliative care (1) has been shown to improve symptom management and HF outcomes, as has social support from a family caregiver (2). Comparator/Context: Due to the broad and multiple interventions being considered for this review, it is not desirable to limit the search to a specific comparator. However we will compare those exposed to the intervention against those who had not been exposed to the intervention, and dyadic interventions to caregiver only interventions when possible. Context for the review will be the home and community where care partners reside in or outpatient clinics. The geographic locations can be urban or rural. Outcome(s): This review is focused on the effects of dyadic interventions to enhance the outcomes of, Primary Outcomes: HF self-care includes complex skills and behaviors, such as monitoring and managing symptoms. Self-care is measured with a variety of valid and reliable tools. For example, self-care can be measured with the Self-care in HF index (SCHFI), HF Self-care behavior Scale (HFScBS), or European HF self-care Behavior Scale (EHFScBS). Self-care knowledge is necessary but not sufficient for self-care, can be measured with the Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test (A-HFKT). HF symptom management targets neurohormonal and circulatory abnormalities, usually resulting in characteristic symptoms such as fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, especially on exertion, and pain. HF symptom management can be measured with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) or NYHA classification of HF. Social support is defined as the provision and exchange of informational, instrumental, or emotional resources in response to the perception of another’s need, or a person’s perceptions of social resources available or actually provided by informal caregivers. Social support is dependent on the presences of an informal caregiver and the quality of their relationship. The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed measures for four social support domains: companionship, emotional support, instrumental support, and informational support. Other social support measures are, Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Social Support Survey and the Social Support Questionnaire 6. The Shared Care Scale operationalized and measured social support as three relationship processes (i.e., communication, decision making, and reciprocity) used to exchange support. Mental health is commonly defined in terms depressive symptoms and anxiety. Depressive symptoms are a state in which the mood is suppressed, causing sadness, melancholy, asthenia, deteriorated understanding, decreased concentration, sense of guilt, and physical symptoms including loss of appetite, insomnia, and headache. Depressive symptoms can be measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), Beck Depression Inventory-2 (BDI-II), and the PROMIS depressive symptoms measures. Anxiety is defined as worry about past, current, and future events. Mood-anxiety can be measured with Spielberg State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Brief Symptom Inventory-Anxiety (BSI), and the PROMIS anxiety measures. Secondary Outcomes: Physical health is defined as functional status, symptoms, and physiologic integrity. Physical health can be measured the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) or NYHA classification of HF, or the physical health scales included in the quality of life measures listed below. Quality of life is defined as physical, social, emotional, economic, and spiritual well-being. Quality of life can be measured by Heart Failure specific questionnaires (i.e., KCCQ and Minnesota Living with HF). General population measures of quality of life will also be included like the PROMIS quality of life measures, and Short Form 36 (SF-36 or SF 12). Relationship quality is defined as positive attributes of interpersonal relationships like feeling closer, improvements in patience, learning good things about self, and learning good things about others. Relationship quality involves a balance between positive relationship aspects (i.e., feeling closer) and negative aspects (i.e., feeling angry, depressed, resentful, and strain). Relationship quality can be measured with the Dyadic Relationship Scale. Relationship quality is also measured by the level of discrepancy or incongruence between care partners’ perceptions of caregiving relationship factors. Burden is a factor associated with physical and mental health losses, but it is also associated with financial losses. Burden can be measured with the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale. This scale measures perceived stress and burden of performing physical and emotional activities of caregiving. Readmission to hospitals can be measured by instruments that count 30, 60, and 90 day hospital readmissions, unplanned medical visits, emergency room (ED) visits, length of stay, and the reasons for use.

Contamination rates of blood cultures

Medication adherence may be assessed with a standardized scale, pill count or prescription refill analysis

The primary outcome will be lower limb balance/proprioception measured by any recognized method such as joint range of motion, absolute centre of mass (COM) distribution during single leg stance and dynamic movements, star excursion balance test reach distances (SEBT), modified SEBT reach distances, Y balance test scores, BERG balance scale, joint position reproduction, manual muscle testing and isokinetic muscle testing.

Primary outcome variables include post procedure pain scores and time to discharge. Secondary outcome variables include patient satisfaction, discharge pain scores, post operative nausea and vomiting and need for post-procedure pain management.

This review will consider studies that provide at least one measure of pain-related outcome, specifically (1) pain intensity, (2) pain catastrophizing, (3) pain acceptance, (4) pain disability, and (5) pain interference.

To determine the effectiveness of sugammadex versus neostigmine administration on securing full and rapid recovery of neuromuscular function, the primary outcome of interest is time of sugammadex versus neostigmine administration to restoration of neuromuscular function, defined as a TOF ratio of 0.9, or return of TOF to baseline. Secondary outcomes of interest include time of sugammadex versus neostigmine administration to removal of the endotracheal tube, and the need for emergent reintubation following sugammadex versus neostigmine administration in the post-anesthesia care phase.

The primary outcome evaluated will be the quality at the end of life of patients with advanced cancer in chemotherapy treatment palliative. This condition will be evaluated through the reduction and less intensity of signs and symptoms; proximity of family and friends and reduction of hospitalization.

‘No comparator’ (qualitative review)

Experiences of informal family caregivers of caring for a hospitalized critically ill child, including experiences of:
- physical impact (sleep and rest, nutrition, health);
- practical impact (accommodation, transportation, financial, employment);
- psychological/emotional impact (stress, conflicts, challenges, hopes and despair);
- social impact (family coping/ functioning, social disturbances and participation, communication and support), and;
- spiritual impact distress/ disturbance).

No comparator (qualitative review)

No comparator (qualitative review):

-

No comparator (qualitative review)

No comparator (qualitative review):

-

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: the effect of topical pharyngeal lidocaine on the oxygen saturation level and mean arterial pressure (blood pressure) when administered as an adjuvant to propofol for procedural sedation in patients undergoing EGD procedures.

knowledge acquisition

Measurements include: premature birth (pre-term), stillbirth, perinatal death, birth abnormalities, low birth weight, very low birth weight, small for gestational age, APGAR score at 5 minutes, hypoxia, sepsis, fetal growth retardation, infant death.

patient safety outcomes (nurse sensitive indicators) and patient satisfaction (HCAPS) (Outcomes)

Outcomes to be considered include RN satisfaction and engagement along with other members of the interdisciplinary team, knowledge of the patient’s plan of care, and the effect on communication between team members as well as patients and families.

This review will examine qualitative outcomes related to the perceptions and experiences of male nursing students.

Phenomenon of interest: The perceptions, experiences, and preferences of patients who receive clinicians’ touch during intimate care or procedures.

No comparator (Qualitative review)

Outcome & COntext: The primary outcome is that the portfolio is an evidenced based assessment tool in determining competence / capability measured against the relevant professional & organisational competency standards. The secondary outcome is to determine if the portfolio is a dependable means of determining progression of learning. The context includes all nurses who have developed a portfolio for the assessment of their clinical practice.

Included studies will measure the psychosocial effects on participants of animal-assisted therapy interactions. We anticipate that a large proportion of the studies found will focus on anxiety, but other states, such as loneliness or feelings of belonging may also be investigated, and the review will incorporate such studies as well. Changes may be self-reported by participants or measured via a specific tool (for example, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in the case of anxiety) or appropriate physiological measured. There should be a measurement before and after the therapy dog interaction for comparison purposes, and any changes in psychosocial state should be directly linked to the therapy interaction (that is, should control for any changes in circumstance that might also have influenced the participants.)

Self-efficacy perception; Self-esteem perception; Quality of life; Family strengths; Family resilience; Personal fulfillment, Happiness; Meaning of life; Marital satisfaction

description of models or methods on the fidelity of complex interventions. Context: clinical research on psychoeducational and behavioral interventions.

Primary outcome will be the incidence of medication errors. Secondary outcomes will be serious adverse events, morbidity, mortality, and cost.

Each study must have at least one object of subject measure that was collected immediately before, during, or immediately after the transcendent state. The publication must explicitly state that the measure was collected during a transcendent state that that this state was assessed. For example, the meditators were asked if they achieved the state during the recording period.

Note Upward violence is a form of workplace violence that has only recently been identified, probably because the assumption has been that the power differential held by persons of authority prevents violence towards them. Upward violence may include physical violence and property damage, but it may be demonstrated through verbal threats and behaviours such as rudeness, socially ostracizing, bullying, mobbing, or passive aggressive behaviours.

Prevalence of contraceptive use

Primary outcome of interest will be patient/consumer experience as measured by satisfaction or feedback tools. The context for qualitative studies will include any participation in any quality improvement activity using EBCD at an acute health care facility.

Decreased nurse burnout with the influence of cognitive behavior therapy. Nurse burnout will be measured with an instrument such as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), an internationally used tool for measuring work-related burnout. The MBI assesses three dimensions of burnout utilizing three distinct subscales inclusive of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment.

The outcome includes the psychometric properties of the assessment instruments of interest including reliability, validity, sensitivity and specificity scores.

validity of �measure�instrument in�identification of�postpartum depression�among new parents

No comparator qualitative reviews have been identified.

Outcomes reviewed Pre surgical and post surgical Pain VAS. Range of Movement of the wrist ( ROM). Disability Assessment of the Hand and Shoulder ( DASH). Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation ( PRWE). Grip Strength. Patient Satisfaction.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: all aspects related both directly and indirectly to the experience of menopause, as concretely lived by women and according to their own point of view.