Registered Systematic Reviews

To optimize the development of the labor, delivery and postpartum in hospital attention. Measurements: a) studies in which the general effect of prenatal education programs on primiparous women in labor is measured, b) studies in which the impact of prenatal education programs on the development of the labor, delivery and postpartum of primiparous women is measured.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measure: the incidence of fall(s).

The degree of anxiety and depression decreased significantly and was significantly better than the control group (ρ<.005; ρ<.001).

Primary: To identify and evaluate the risk factors for developing post extubation dysphagia (PED) Secondary: To define the incidence of PED To identify and evaluate screening tools available for PED To define clinical outcome measures related to PED

O=Post-traumatic stress disorder and symptoms Our definition of PTSD includes clinical diagnoses or validated self-report measures, and we are concerned with the literature measuring any level of PTSD symptomatology. Trauma symptoms will be included if measured by a structured clinical interview for DSM5 (SCID), or tools such as the PTSD Checklist Civilian-Version (PCL) or Impact of Event Scale (IES) validated with a SCID. Other tools will be considered if they have concurrent validity with the PCL, IES or clinical diagnosis. Self-reported diagnoses by clinicians may also be considered. We will not exclude studies that include other mental health problems as well as PTSD. We expect that the potentially traumatic events occurring in psychiatric hospitals will be more similar to those in other hospital environments than to those occurring in the community.

1. Therapeutic effects/health related outcomes: Morbidity, mortality, patient satisfaction, sleep, treatment adherence and compliance, respiratory function tests, vital signs, renal function/osmoregulation, length of stay, patient readmission; 2. Possible harms: Infections, drug interactions, side effects, complications; 3. Integration in currently existing nationally and globally heatwave plans 4. Preventive use for inpatients

The primary outcome of this study is age-related alterations in the exosomal content and functions that can influence the reproductive performance in human and animals as conveyors of senescence signals outside the cells. The secondary outcome is exosomes capability in carrying developmental signaling molecules like proteins, coding and non-coding RNA cargos, influencing gene expressions and affecting growth and regulation of embryo during pregnancy. Identification of extracellular vesicles in genital fluids express their role as a marker for pregnancy and fecundity-related pathologies. These raised the possibility that endogenous exosomes may play a significant role in modulating fertility, growth and maturity of germ cells and early embryonic development.

This review aims to show in which activities of daily living a socially assistive robot could be of support in dementia care from the perspective of caregivers and where no support by such a robot is desired.

This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures : - pain measured by Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) on sensitive muscles or by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) during cervical spine movements ; - mobility of the cervical spine or the craniovertebral region (FRT) measured by inclinometer or goniometer ; - posture measured from pictures or radiography ; - muscles activity measured by electromyography (EMG) or ; - disability of the TMJ measured with the Limitation of Daily Function in TMD – Jaw Functional Scale Questionnaire (LDF-TMDQ / JFS) and/or the Conti Amnestic Questionnaire (CAQ), and disability of the cervical spine measured with the Neck Disability Index (NDI).

Preeclampsia (Preeclampsia (PE), as a pregnancy-specific syndrome, characterized by hypertension, significant proteinuria, and an excessive maternal systemic inflammatory response which is occurred after 20 weeks.)

Outcome (quantitative) Physical activity in children and adolescents measured either subjectively as reported by the children and adolescents or by their parents, teachers or guardians who have responsibility for them or objectively using accelerometers or pedometers.

This review will consider studies that include depression or incident depression outcomes. Depression or incident depression can be defined according to: 1. A diagnosis of depression according to a recognized and standardized clinical criteria such as a structured clinical interview based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) III-TR, IV or V criteria or International Classification of Disease criteria M(2, 3) or a diagnosis made by a qualified professional in medical records (e.g. psychiatrist, general physician). Depression will be considered as any MDD or dysthymia or other depression disorder. 2. A validated self-administered depression questionnaire such as the Becks Depression Inventory-IA or II(BDI-IA or BDI-II), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (41) 3. Composite of (1) and (2) Definition of depression in each study included will be assessed and evaluated during critical appraisal and data analysis.

Patient-identified structural, financial, social and personal barriers and facilitators to hepatitis C diagnosis and treatment

Long-term care for older adults 65 years and over

(1) Forced Expiratory Volume – 1 second, (2) Asthma Control Test (ACT) score, (3) Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) score

Primary Outcomes: Pregnancy rate, Implantation rate, Miscarriage rate Secondary Outcomes: DNA fragmentation, Aneuploidy

Africa

Complete or partial remission, The function of CD8+ T cells

Phenomena of interest (qualitative) Dates: Jan 1, 2008-Jan 1, 2018; -international sites (all); - Biofluids (plasma, serum, stool, urine, breastmilk; -Study design: RCT’s, cohort, observational, ex vivo; -techniques: HPLC/GC-MS, HPLC/MS-MS; HPLC/LC-MS, ELISA, NMR, HRMS

Primary: 1. Incidence of Coal Mine Dust Lung Disease as defined by authors Secondary: 1. measure of dust exposure, by any method 2. Adverse events 3. Cost effectiveness analysis

Safety, feasibility, efficacy of early mobilization strategies, initiatives or programs, barriers and facilitators to initiate early mobilization.

Pre-eclampsia: systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg and proteinuria > 0.3 gr/ 24 hours or a dipstick result > 1+ equivalent to 0.3 mg/dl in a single urine test of new onset after 20 weeks of gestation.

Primary outcomes: The prevalence of wheezing and physician-diagnosed asthma, and lung function (Pulmonary Function Test): Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), Forced expiratory flow (FEF75), Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).

vaccination status /vaccination coverage

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: The presence of PONV, the severity of PONV, and the need for rescue anti-emetics. Symptom severity outcome measures may include descriptive reports, standardized nausea vomiting scoring tools, and documented administration of any anti-emetics, used to treat the presence of PONV.

Primary outcomes will be control of sugar levels in terms of fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PP2BS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Secondary outcomes of significance will include changes in weight, blood glucose, HbA1c and triglycerides.

Outcomes of interest are the frameworks, models or tools proposed by researchers to guide the process of incident management.

Primary outcomes are length of employment and staff turnover. Secondary outcomes are: intention to return, staff satisfaction.

Alcohol consumption rates, alcohol misuse, population rates of alcohol-related harm

Substance use, defined broadly to include tobacco (smoked or chewed), alcohol, marijuana, or “hard drugs” (e.g., cocaine, inhalants, etc.) and Khat chewing

Reduced hospital acquired infections in hospitalized patients

Outcome (quantitative) This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: Primary outcome will include prevention of secondary fractures, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and its adherence, or any functional outcomes (e.g. mobility). Secondary outcomes will include quality of life, health/ehealth literacy, knowledge, or perceived service satisfaction

Effectively controlled hypertension

Readmission to hospital Reduction of risk factors Self-management Compliance (treatment adherence according to evidence-based practice) Mortality Length of stay Health related quality of life

1. Well self-management of chronic illness such as Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) and Lipid disorders (e.g. high blood cholesterol). 2. Evaluate the effectiveness of community-based health promotion interventions on community dwelling adults based on patient satisfaction, quality of life and self-efficacy.

The review will report on the effectiveness of OHL interventions based on one or more of the following outcomes: Primary outcomes: levels of OHL measured by objective validated instruments. Secondary outcomes: clinical outcomes, self-reported oral health, oral health-related quality of life, oral health behaviours, dental knowledge, access and use of healthcare services, and other relevant outcomes identified by the studies.

This review will consider studies that include parenting stress, maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal confidence as outcomes. Outcome measures will include but are not limited to: 1. Parenting stress, self-reported using forms such as the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) the Parenting Stress Index-short form (PSI-SF), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), or the Swedish Parenting Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ). 2. Maternal depressive symptoms, self-reported using forms such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS), the Postnatal Depression Screening Scale (PDSS), the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (Zung SDS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). 3. Maternal confidence, self-reported using forms such as the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire (MCQ), the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC), Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS), What Being the Parent of a New Baby is Like-Revised (WPL-R), the Parent Expectations Survey (PES), and the Postpartum Maternal Confidence Scale and the Postpartum Maternal Satisfaction Scale.

Safety of discharge patient from PACU to wards; shorten the post-operative patient stay at PACU.

Mortality; decrease incidence of young drivers involved in road traffic crashes after alcohol consumption; decrease in the mortality of young people in road traffic crashes motivated by alcohol consumption and alteration in alcohol consumption by young drivers who participated in trauma prevention strategies related to the use of alcohol in traffic

Increase in knowledge or change in health beliefs/attitude/risk perception or reduce stigma or cultural acceptance or improved awareness or behavior change or improved wellbeing

The primary outcome will be the rate of response to treatment, such as changes in frequency and intensity of symptoms in the intervention and placebo groups. The primary out-come that will be analysed in this meta-analysis will be efficacy of medicinal plants (safe dose) in reducing symptoms of inflammation (in experimental animals), wound contraction and healing (in experimental animals) and in inhibiting/killing microbial growth (in culture media) in comparison with conventional drugs. In addition, in in-vitro studies, down regulation of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cells; and cell proliferation and migration rate (wound healing), minimum effective dose in 50% of the population (ED50), minimum lethal dose in 50% of population (LD50). Secondary outcomes will be safety data such as liver function tests, organ histopathology result and mortality. Histopathological results of experimental animal’s organs (surrogate indicator for long term toxicity) to see residual effect.

Non Applicable (scoping review).

The terminal patients are cared by their families in hospital, in the community or at home.

Outcome & COntext (comprehensive) Context: It is only over the past few decades, that women have increasingly entered male-dominated first responder workplaces such as police, fire and ambulance (Perrott 2016). The exception is nursing, where the vast majority of nurses are female, with males making up 10% of this population (Commonwealth of Australia 2014). A review of first responder information (police, fire, ambulance) describes female population percentages varying from 4 – 32% (Davey 2016; Irving 2009; Paramedics Australasia 2011). Nursing consists of a 90% female population (Commonwealth of Australia 2014) with nurses working in first responder roles e.g. flight nurses, rural/remote area nurses and emergency departments. As female cohorts are much smaller in the first responder groups (police, fire ambulance), they are frequently identified as a percentage only with further gender specific impacts not explored. This may be due in part, to the low numbers of females in the studies, with subsequent high risk of subject identification. There is minimal research available specifically examining what factors influence recruitment and retention of females in the first responder workforce. Outcomes: The quantitative component of this review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures – primary outcome : job satisfaction – any objective validated measure of employee contentedness (e.g. Quality of Life Scales, Contentment with Life Assessment Scales); secondary outcome: job burnout – any validated measure of burnout – Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), numeric rating scale/visual analogue scale; adverse effects; psychological health – measured using standard scales e.g. anxiety/depression scales, contacts with Human Resources, Employee Assistance Programs, help lines or health professionals. The qualitative component of the review will consider studies that focus on qualitative data including, but not limited to, designs much as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, action research and feminist research. In the absence of research studies, other text such as opinion papers and reports will be considered. The textual component of the review will consider expert opinion, discussion papers, position papers and other text. Studies adopting a mixed methods approach where data and findings of a qualitative nature are reported, will be included in this review. Equally, in mixed methods where quantitative data and results are reported for the quantitative component, these will be included in the integration of findings.

Family member experiences of people with first episode psychosis living in hospital or community settings.

The degree of anxiety and depression decreased significantly and was significantly better than the control group (ρ<.005; ρ<.001).

TH1 increased, TH2 decreased, TH1/TH2 increased

Outcome: Complications following childbirth are more common and aggravated in developing countries. In poor settings particularly in Africa where traditional and patriarchal societies able to restrict on a woman’s freedom of movement and contact with unrelated men, the influence of social environment towards utilization of MCH cares, particularly postnatal cares may be an important factor in determining whether such care is received.

number of women who deliver in health facilities after experiencing sexual and gender based violence (primary outcome). maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality (secondary outcome)

Outcomes of interest are: (1) features of cost effective in-hospital interventions for people identified as having diabetes mellitus that leads to improvements in care, i.e. both clinical outcomes and patient reported outcomes, reductions in hospital re-admission, and shorter duration of admission; (2) in-hospital interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes, that directly target social determinants of health outcomes by different mechanisms; (3) association between in-hospital intervention types and their outcomes.

Incidence, risk factors and clinical outcomes

The outcomes could be considered in terms of : Amount of publications, demand of capacity building workshops quantity and quality of research proposal submissions to the ethics committee

Measurement properties We will use the COSMIN methodology to evaluate the measurement properties

Validity and reliability

Communication problems; impaired level of consciousness; impaired level of cognition; ability to self-report; pain

Developing or not developing relapse

The main outcome of interest was evidence of occurrence of Buruli ulcer or M. ulcerans in any country and at any time. Suspect, clinical, and laboratory-confirmed cases were all included, as were instances of BU antibody detection in the absence of clinical signs.

Development of individuals with congenital malformation or without congenital malformation (primary outcome). And the types of pesticides most used, toxicological classification and environmental classification (secondary outcome).

The identification and description of medication errors associated with the use of information technology in the ambulatory care setting.

The psychometric scored professional outcome on work engagement of observational longitudinal quantitative studies designed for workplace MBSR interventions

There is no primary outcome of interest. This review will describe the type of preference-based health-related quality of life used in children with neurodevelopmental disorder(s), psychometric evidence of selected instruments, authors’ justification for selection of instrument(s) and the types of the respondent used (self and proxy respondents) to complete these instruments, and mean health state valuations specific to children with NDD.

Studies in all countries and in the hospital or health care services

Quality outcomes include patient, provider and health indicators on a system level.

The scoping review will list the outcomes and map the associated components including, intervention (type of KDT), definition (if used) of outcome, the tool or indicators used to measure the outcome, validity and reliability of tool used, the time to measurement of the outcome after the intervention commenced and the reporting of the outcome.

The primary outcome measure will be the time to complete corneal healing (defined as complete corneal re-epithelialization and clearance of infiltrate and hypopyon; days). The secondary outcome measures will be the size of epithelial defect (mm2) and size of infiltrate (mm2) at 7 days and at final follow-up, and visual acuity (LogMAR) at final follow-up. Risk of adverse events (defined as worsening IK and/or corneal melt requiring tectonic / therapeutic keratoplasty or evisceration) at final follow-up.

Prevention of altitude sickness

This review will consider studies that examine the female perspective on prostate cancer and any impact on the female. It will include studies from regions in the developed world such as USA, Europe, Australasia. Studies from developing countries will not be included as health service provision and support is likely to vary considerably in such locations. Only studies published in English will be utilised due to the language proficiency of the reviewing team.

This review will consider studies that measure the quality of life in individuals implanted with left ventricular assist devices as destination therapy. The data will primarily be derived from patient reported outcome measure instruments such as: the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) and the Quality of Life in Severe Heart Failure Questionnaire (QLQ-SHF) to name a few.

The outcome will be changes in documentation compliance as measured by percentage change in compliance pre and post intervention or percentage change in compliance between the control and the intervention groups, as documented in the results section of a quantitative research study.

Infertility

Understanding the impact of the risk factors on the outcome of infection is based on the detection of T.gondii infection in pregnant women using serological and/or molecular diagnostic tests.

Clinical improvement and safety

Infant and/or Childhood death. Any non-Couse specific death of infant and/or children will be considered as an outcome.

Tuberculosis treatment completion rate, Adverse Effects, Loss to follow-up, etc

Increase Risk of Pre-eclampsia

This review will consider studies that include the following outcomes: intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption and postoperative pain relief. These outcomes will be measured by time to first request for postoperative pain medication and via numerical pain scale ratings as reported by patients until discharge from the PACU.

Prevention of preterm birth

This review will consider studies that display an improvement in the anthropometric measure of body fat that was assessed at the beginning of that study and/or lifestyle improvements. Primary outcome measures: • body mass index (kg/m2) • aerobic fitness (VO2) • waist circumference (mm) Secondary outcome measures: • skin-fold measures (mm) • percentage over ideal body weight (%) • percentage body fat (%) • quality of life questionnaire

To identify predominately circulating AMR pathogens and to suggest on proper use of antibiotics in human and animals along with its efficacy

reduced presentation and readmission rates of COPD patients to acute health care organisations

Control of malaria morbidity: the malaria morbidity control is an outcome of the primary studies to be included. We will identify whether antimalarial residual spraying or insecticide treated bed net is effective in preventing malaria transmissions from infected individuals.

Unintended pregnancy

The performance of various indicators of delivery outcomes, including vaginal delivery rate, premature delivery rate, newborn birth weight, delivery gestational age, the rate of 1-min Apgar score≤7；the rate of 5-min Apgar score≤7, the first stage of labor, the second stage of labor. The 1-min Apgar score ≤7 and the 5-min Apgar score≤7 are estimated by a special Apgar scoring tool, then can be counted as well as other indicators.

The phenomena of interest are the effects of educational interventions, which are inclusive of both family caregivers and individuals with HF, on outcomes for both. Relationship level outcomes are of specific interest. Relationship level outcomes are dyad congruence or incongruence, dyadic discrepancy, communication, shared decision-making, and reciprocity. Co-variates that may moderate the effects of educational interventions are also of interest. These co-variatate are configuration of the care partners’ age, gender, race, education, health literacy, marital status, socioeconomic status, co-morbidities, and knowledge. This review will consider studies that evaluate educational interventions for family caregivers and dyadic interventions. Dyadic interventions are defined as strategies tailored to the needs of both care partners. Dyadic interventions of interest target HF self-care, palliative care, and/or social support. Dyadic interventions may include strategies to improve HF knowledge, self-care, and skills related to goal setting, communication, and shared decision-making. Interventions may include information related to prognosis, future planning, palliative care, adherence to medication, maintaining a healthy diet, daily weighing, reducing salt intake, limiting alcohol, smoking cessation, taking care of one self, and recognizing and appropriately responding to symptoms. The analytic and narrative component of the review will consider studies that tested any type of educational, psychosocial, skill building or palliative care interventions that targeted the caregiver or both care partners. Education and psychosocial interventions have been shown to improve HF self-care, symptom management, quality of life, and reduce readmissions to hospitals. Self-care interventions includes information related to adherence to medication, maintaining a healthy diet, daily weighing, reducing salt intake, recognizing and reporting symptoms to a health professional, and palliative care planning. Palliative care interventions are defined as a holistic approach to future care planning based on the care values and preferences regardless of prognosis (1). Central to palliative care is communication and shared decision making. Palliative care (1) has been shown to improve symptom management and HF outcomes, as has social support from a family caregiver (2). Comparator/Context: Due to the broad and multiple interventions being considered for this review, it is not desirable to limit the search to a specific comparator. However we will compare those exposed to the intervention against those who had not been exposed to the intervention, and dyadic interventions to caregiver only interventions when possible. Context for the review will be the home and community where care partners reside in or outpatient clinics. The geographic locations can be urban or rural. Outcome(s): This review is focused on the effects of dyadic interventions to enhance the outcomes of, Primary Outcomes: HF self-care includes complex skills and behaviors, such as monitoring and managing symptoms. Self-care is measured with a variety of valid and reliable tools. For example, self-care can be measured with the Self-care in HF index (SCHFI), HF Self-care behavior Scale (HFScBS), or European HF self-care Behavior Scale (EHFScBS). Self-care knowledge is necessary but not sufficient for self-care, can be measured with the Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test (A-HFKT). HF symptom management targets neurohormonal and circulatory abnormalities, usually resulting in characteristic symptoms such as fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, especially on exertion, and pain. HF symptom management can be measured with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) or NYHA classification of HF. Social support is defined as the provision and exchange of informational, instrumental, or emotional resources in response to the perception of another’s need, or a person’s perceptions of social resources available or actually provided by informal caregivers. Social support is dependent on the presences of an informal caregiver and the quality of their relationship. The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed measures for four social support domains: companionship, emotional support, instrumental support, and informational support. Other social support measures are, Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Social Support Survey and the Social Support Questionnaire 6. The Shared Care Scale operationalized and measured social support as three relationship processes (i.e., communication, decision making, and reciprocity) used to exchange support. Mental health is commonly defined in terms depressive symptoms and anxiety. Depressive symptoms are a state in which the mood is suppressed, causing sadness, melancholy, asthenia, deteriorated understanding, decreased concentration, sense of guilt, and physical symptoms including loss of appetite, insomnia, and headache. Depressive symptoms can be measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), Beck Depression Inventory-2 (BDI-II), and the PROMIS depressive symptoms measures. Anxiety is defined as worry about past, current, and future events. Mood-anxiety can be measured with Spielberg State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Brief Symptom Inventory-Anxiety (BSI), and the PROMIS anxiety measures. Secondary Outcomes: Physical health is defined as functional status, symptoms, and physiologic integrity. Physical health can be measured the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) or NYHA classification of HF, or the physical health scales included in the quality of life measures listed below. Quality of life is defined as physical, social, emotional, economic, and spiritual well-being. Quality of life can be measured by Heart Failure specific questionnaires (i.e., KCCQ and Minnesota Living with HF). General population measures of quality of life will also be included like the PROMIS quality of life measures, and Short Form 36 (SF-36 or SF 12). Relationship quality is defined as positive attributes of interpersonal relationships like feeling closer, improvements in patience, learning good things about self, and learning good things about others. Relationship quality involves a balance between positive relationship aspects (i.e., feeling closer) and negative aspects (i.e., feeling angry, depressed, resentful, and strain). Relationship quality can be measured with the Dyadic Relationship Scale. Relationship quality is also measured by the level of discrepancy or incongruence between care partners’ perceptions of caregiving relationship factors. Burden is a factor associated with physical and mental health losses, but it is also associated with financial losses. Burden can be measured with the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale. This scale measures perceived stress and burden of performing physical and emotional activities of caregiving. Readmission to hospitals can be measured by instruments that count 30, 60, and 90 day hospital readmissions, unplanned medical visits, emergency room (ED) visits, length of stay, and the reasons for use.

No comparator (qualitative review):

Going through the process of integration, nationalization, or resettlement

COntext (qulaitative): This review will consider the experiences of care received in clinics, physician offices, emergency departments, and obstetrical labor and delivery units of hospitals

Types of studies The scoping review will include peer-reviewed journal articles, abstracts in conference proceedings and unpublished dissertations/ theses. The review will not exclude studies based on methodology or design; therefore all quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches will be considered. In addition, systematic reviews and meta-analyses will be considered. Studies that use other population groups (e.g. other rheumatic disease populations, or healthy controls) in addition to primary Sjogren’s syndrome populations will be included as long as the outcomes are grouped based on disease. Only studies published in English will be considered due to a lack of resources to facilitate translation.

This review will examine qualitative outcomes related to the perceptions and experiences of male nursing students.

The main outcome is the prevalence of self-reported current smoking status among male and female European migrants living in European countries where the prevalence of smoking among the host population is low.

serum total testosterone, free testosterone, and sex-hormone– binding globulin (SHBG) levels, with increased estradiol (E2) levels, reductions in sperm concentration, total sperm count, total motility

Primary: Potential complications: injection of medication into a blood vessel or subcutaneous tissue, pain, periostitis, nerve damage, abscess, cellulitis, tissue necrosis, haematoma and muscle contracture may result from incorrect technique used by inexperienced practitioners, especially during emergency care Secondary: absorption rates

Dental, skeletal and soft tissue measurements that has been collected from cephalometric radiographs, dental casts, and clinical assessments primary outcome=overbite secondary outcome= distance of maxillary teeth to reference planes, distance of mandibular teeth to reference planes, interincisal angle, occlusal plane to reference lines angle, angle of mandibular plane and palatal plane to reference planes, lower anterior facial height, anterior facial height to posterior facial height ratio. Others: overbite stability, complications and side effects, treatment time, etiology

The frequency and type of restrictive practices used in forensic mental health inpatient settings

This study explores the health service context of an Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnostic conference. All settings where the diagnostic conference occurs will be included. This may include: community setting, secondary and tertiary level settings, inpatient setting, outpatient setting, school setting and others. There will be no limitation on setting or publication dates for inclusion, so long as other inclusion criteria are met.

Policies that have prevented common gastrointestinal cancers.

Outcome (quantitative) This review will consider studies that include the outcome of burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).